Othello Study Guide Questions Essay

1.Describe the sensory details of the opening dig sights, sounds, smells, etc. The opening scene takes place during the night in a drive demeanor in Venice. Iago and Roderigo argon loudly conversing with each early(a). 2.why do Iago and Roderigo wake up Brabantio? why is Brabantio uncivilised? wherefore does Iago slip quiet away at one time Brabantio mformer(a)s down? Iago and Roderigo wake up Brabantio to spoil his happiness by carnal whopledge him the Desdemona ran dispatch with Othello. Brabantio is origin exclusivelyy angry beca phthisis he had told them non to come nigh him house, exclusively is compensate more angry when he let ons show up that Desdemona is missing. Iago quietly slips away because he doesnt want whatsoeverbody to k nowadays that he isnt flexure to Othello. 3. explicate the relationship surrounded by Iago and Roderigo. Who come alongs to be in control. Explain your first reaction to each of these reference works. Iago is paid to help Rod erigo win Desdemonas hand in marriage, and both of them seem angry and unkind. The main deflexion is that Iago appears to be in charge and the mastermind hobo e trulything while Roderigo is his dick who carries the intention aside.4.Explain why Iago regularises he needs to lounge around r sluicege on Othello. Do you ideate he is justified? why is the need for r jut outege so powerful, and for that matter, much(prenominal) a popular topic of modern medicinal drug/movies? Iago wants to get revenge on Othello because he gave the lieutenant position to Michael Cassio, a less experienced man. He has a refine to be upset, alone he shouldnt get revenge on Othello. Revenge (in books and movies) is oft motivation the antagonist and a main ele custodyt on why characters do what they do. 5.How does Iago act when Desdemonas father appears at the window? Why does it take so long for Brabantio to solve out what is press release on? Why doesnt Iago just tell him what guideed stra ight out? Iago acts very mysterious and hides in the darkness to conceal his identity. It takes Brabantio a while to figure out what is going on because Iago isnt clear astir(predicate) it. Iago wants to force out Brabantio out front he tells him to the highest degree Desdemona so he entrust be angrier. dead reckoning ii1.How does Iago lie at the beginning of this scene? Iago went to Othello and acted loyal and nice towards him. 2.Is Othello afraid of Brabantio? Should he be? Othello is not afraid of Brabantio and doesnt admit to be because he regards that his comfortably qualities and his status in ordination get out protect him. 3.What do you learn about Othellos basis from this scene? How do you learn that information? Othello grew up in some(prenominal) battles, was a slave, and had a very difficult life. We find this out when Othello dialog about how he and Desdemona fell in passionateness.4.Why has the Duke c each(a)ed for Othello? How can you tell that Othello is extremely regarded in military circles? The Duke has called for Othello to come to Cyprus for the war. We can tell that Othello is highly regarded in military circles when Cassio said that the senate had sent out 3 search parties to find Othello. 5.Why is Brabantio so against having Othello for a son-in-law? Does he seem to blame his daughter for streamlet off with this man? Would he observe take issueently if Desi had run off with another man? Brabantio is against having Othello for a son-in-law because of how different he is. He deals that Othello utilize magic and trickery to get Desdemona to marry him. He equally would feel differently is Desdemona had run off with a different man. film cardinal1.How does Desdemona suffice when Brabantio confronts her? What other approach to the problem could she have taken? Desdemona tells Brabantio that even though she respects him for everything hes done for her, her loyalty lies with her husband, Othello. She could have told hi m in private or in the form of a letter. 2.How does the Duke seem to feel about the problem of Desi and Othello? Who do you think he sympathizes with? The Duke feels that Desdemona and Othello have intercourse each other, so there is no use in existence upset or resentful. He appears to sympathize with Othello. 3.According to Othello, when did Desi and he fall in cacoethes?Why do you suppose they unplowed their love a secret? Does this sort of demeanor fit his character as he has been descri live so far? According to Othello, him and Desdemona fell in love later on she heard his war stories at Brabantios house. They have kept their love a secret to prevent all the trouble that they atomic number 18 now dealing with. This secretive behavior is different from the rest of his character who appears to be honest and open with his life. 4.Like Othello, Roderigo is in love. Describe the difference between the two lovers. What is it about Roderigo that makes it easy for Iago to manip ulate him? Roderigo doesnt get the wowork force. He is in love, just the feelings arent mutual which makes his easier to manipulate. issue 1 presage5. What does Iago plan to convince Othello of at the end of routine I? How do you think he leave behind accomplish this? Iago plans to convince Othello that Cassio is likewise about to Desdemona. He will handlely accomplish this by manipulating people and lying.Act II sentiment i1.Describe the events surounding Othellos arrival in Cyprrus. Why is Desdemona nervous before he shows up? There was a enormous storm, which took out the Turks, so there is no war. Desdemona is nervous because Othello is still gone(p) at sea and could have possibly been killed as well. 2.How does Cassio treat Desdemona? Is there anything about this exchange that skill help Iago push forward his plan? Cassio is a gentleman towards Desdemona and held her hand. Iago could use this to make it seem like they are too c relapse with one another. 3.What suspic ions does Iago have about his own married charwoman? What does this show us about Iago? Iago believes his wife cheated on him with Othello. He doesnt care about her, and only appears to care because it will bring him face-to-face gain.4.How can you tell that Cassio is devoted to Othello? Does there seem to be any green-eyed monster or disloyalty there? Cassio turned down going to a party and getting rum. He respects all of Othellos decisions and takes responsibility for his own actions. Theres no indication of any jealousy or disloyalty towards Othello. 5.Describe Iagos feelings towards women and love in general. Iago believes women should just be housewives, and they arent worth much. Also, he believes that their physical characteristics are everything. 6.How does Iago manage to convince Roderigo to have Cassio to a fight? What is the real reason Iago wants the two to fight? Iago tells Roderigo that Cassio loves Desdemona to put up a fight. He really wants Roderigo and Cas sio to fight so Cassio will lose his job. 7.Why does Iago say of Desdemona Now I do love her too? Desdemona is the perfective pawn in his plan.Scene ii1.What is the bodily fluid of this scene? The liking of scene two is happy and very positive. 2.Why the celebration? How is the celebration going to help Iago? There is a celebration of Desdemona and Othellos marriage and too because there is no war. The celebration will allow Iago to get Cassio drunk and fight in front of many witnesses. Scene iii1.Explain how Cassio gets drunk, even though he knows that he cant bear out his liquor. Iago pressures Cassio to drink, even though he knows he shouldnt. 2.How does Cassio react when Iago starts to discuss Othello and Desis bring up life? Cassio avoids saying anything crude. All of his comments are respectful, and he doesnt say anything abominable. 3.What do Cassio and Roderigo argue about? How is the governor of Cyprus involved? Roderigo tries to tell Cassio how to do his job and tri es to teach him some manners. This agitates Cassio, and when they fight, the governor of Cyprus gets stab hit the hay when he tried to hold Cassio down.4.What advice does Iago offer to Cassio after he is demoted? How capacity this advice, which Cassio takes, diddle right into Iagos plan? Iago tells Cassio to talk to Desdemona about convincing Othello to give him his position back. This play right into Iagos plan because he wants Cassio and Desdemona to get close so Othello can walk in on them. 5.Explain how Iagos plan seems to be progressing what other events could happen that would play right into Iagos plan? both other drama with Cassio regarding his reputation would help with the plan. Also, if Desdemona were to do anything and keep it from Othello, Iago could use that against her.Act IIIScene i1.What is the setting of this scene? What is the mood? Scene I begins in an entryway in the anatomyle. The mood is serious, although the zany attempts to provide comic relief. 2.How does Iago get Dedemona and Cassio together? Iago uses genus genus Emilia to get Desdemona and Cassio together. Cassio dialog to Emilia first, who is Desdemonas lady in waiting so he can talk to Desdemona privately.3.What is ironic about Iagos comment to Cassio that he will devise a means to draw the Moo/out of the way, that your converse and business/ May be more free? Iago has already formed the plan to manipulate Othello except that he and the au proceednce knows that it wint work out in the way Cassio intended. 4.How does Cassio know that Desdemona has already spoken to Othello in his behalf? What do you think he arranges to meet Desdemona, thusly? Emilia tells Cassio that Desdemona is already talking to Othello on his behalf. He seems impatient to get his position back and get back in Othellos easily graces which is probably why he arranges to meet Desdemona.Scene ii1.How does this scene show you that Othello is a busy man? This scene isolates the characters, and shows that there is other things going on in Othellos job as he runs errands and has meetings. 2.Why is this a good time for Iago to act?Othello is distracted and stressed out from work.Scene iii1.Why does Cassio leave Desdemona in such a flush? Why does Iago tier that out to Othello? Cassio leaves Desdemona in a hurry so Othello wont see him. However, he does notice Cassio, and Iago points out that he appeared to sneak away while looking iniquitous. 2.Why is Desi so willing to let the cat out of the bag up for Cassio? Do you think she goes too far? Cassio was kind to Desdemona, and they were complaisant with each other. Also, Cassio talks to Emilia and then Desdemona about his situation. Desdemona learns to help him, and might have gone too far with Othello by being forceful. She as well thinks that she would be helping Othello by reuniting the two friends. 3.When does Othello first begin to dubiety Desdemona? Do you think virtually new married husbands would be as easy to fool? Othe llo beings to doubt Desdemona when Iago talks to him about Desdemona and Cassio. Most newly married husbands probably trust their wives but could be easily manipulated in the uniform way Iago did to Othello.4.How does Emilia get Desdemonas hankey? Why does she give it to Iago? Do you think Emilia has any suspicions that her husband might be up to no good? Desdemona drops her handkerchief, and Emilia picks it up. She gave it to Iago because he had been request her to steal for a while. Emilia might have suspected that Iago is up to no good because she asked him if it had a purpose. 5.How does Iago push Othello over the edge in his doubts about Desis fidelity? What is the clinching piece of evidence put forwards by Iago? What do you think Othello would have done if he spy that Iago was lying at this point? Iago lies to Othello about Cassios actions including a reputation about Cassios dream about Desdemona. The piece of evidence that Iago has is Desdemonas handkerchief. The handk erchief is so important that Othello finally believes Iago. Othello would probably kill Iago if he figured out that Iago was lying to him.Scene iv1.How does Emilia respond when Desdemona asks about the handkerchief? What do you suppose she is thinking at this point? Emilia said that she doesnt know where Desdemonas handkerchief is. Desdemona is probably worried that this might upset Othello. 2.According to Othello, what is the history behind the handkerchief? Do you think he has revealed this information to Desi before? The handkerchief was given to his sire by a witch and is a symbol of his parents love. He probably hasnt told this to Desdemona before because she questioned the validity of the story. 3.Why is Bianca mad at Cassio? How is her anger like Othellos? What sort of relationship do Bianca and Cassio have? Bianca is mad at Cassio because she saw the handkerchief that Cassio had and thought it was from a new, secret lover.Othello also believes that the individual he loves might be cheating on him. Bianca is Cassios mistress. 4.So far, who thinks that the handkerchief is special? Is it really unreal? Who thinks so? Othello, Iago, and Desdemona think that the handkerchief is special. It is supernatural in the sense that it meant so much and caused trouble in Othello and Desdemonas relationship. 5.What is Emilias opinion of men? How does Desdemonas opinion differ? Whose side are you on? Emilia believes men are all the same. To her, all men are deceitful, and when they are bored, they throw out their woman and get another. On the other hand, Desdemona believes that there are good men such as Othello and Cassio which I agree with.Act IVScene i1.Why does Othello fall unconscious?Othello falls unconscious because he is so angry and upset about Cassio and Desdemona. 2.According to Iago, why is Othello luckier than many other men who have been cuckolded? Do you agree with his reasoning? Would you sooner not know if someone had betrayed you? According to Iago , every married man has been cheated on, but Othello is flourishing that most because he isnt in the dark about his wife like most men are. I would want to know if psyche betrayed me. 3.What is Cassio saying to Iago, as Othello stands hidden? What does Othello think he is saying? How is this all part of Iagos plan? Why do you suppose Othello doesnt confront Cassio right then? Cassio is talking and laughing about Bianca, but Othello thinks he is talking about Desdemona. This leads Othello to trust Iago even more and to believe that Cassio isnt a good person.Othello probably doesnt confront Cassio right then because he wants to talk to Iago about it first. 4.According to Iago, why should Othello strangle Desdemona rather than poison her? What do you think his real reasons are? Iago tells Othello to strangle Desdemona preferably of poisoning her to make it more personal by doing it on the bed where she allegedly cheated on Othello. 5.Why do you think Shakespeare has Othello welcome Lodovico to Cyprus with the phrase goats and monkeys Does Lodovico throw that Othello is upset? The phrase basically means welcome to chaos which is what everything is good turn into. Lodovico doesnt see that Othello is upset and believes that he normally treats Desdemona like that.Scene ii1.Why does Othello summon Emiliaif he is not going to read her testimony? Why do you think Emilia didnt articulate up earlier? Part of Othello wants to not believe Iago, wants his mind to be changed, even if its not entirely possible. Emilia knows her role as a woman and as Iagos wife, which is probably why she hasnt spoken up until now. 2.How does Desi react when Othello calls her a whore? How does she explain his behavior to herself? Are you surprise she doesnt act differently? Desdemona is very upturned and surprised when Othello calls her a whore. She keeps trying to tell him that she hasnt done anything wrong. She tries to explain it as being her bad luck that is responsible.I am surpris ed she doesnt get angry or doesnt blame it on anybody but herself. 3.How can you tell Desi trusts Iago? Is she being more naive than most women would be about him backbiting? Desdemona trusts Iago because he tries to comfort her. She is probably reacting in the same way most other women would in the same situation. 4.How does Iago plan Cassios murder? How does he convince roderigo that Cassio must die? Why do you think he involves Roderigo instead of handling it himself? Iago tells Roderigo to kill Cassio otherwise Othello and Desdemona will leave, and Roderigo will lose his chance. Iago has Roderigo do it in case it backfires, so he wont get in any trouble himself.Scene iii1.Why do you think Desi obeys Othello so meekly when he sends her to bed? Do you think she has any suspicions that he intends to hurt her? Desdemona still loves Othello and sees the good in him, so she is as obedient as before. She understands that Othello is angry, but doesnt know exactly what is going on, so sh e doesnt understand the completion of the situation. 2.Has Desi fallen out of love with Othello? Would you?Desdemona has not fallen out of love with Othello. I wouldnt be able to love my husband in the same way if the same thing had happened to me. 3.How is the story in the willow tree song like Desis life? The song and the story behind it are both full of sorrow where the woman knows she is dying after her lover left her. This is foreshadowing what is to come for Desdemona. 4.How does Emilia feel about the double standard that applies to men and women? Does Desi agree with her? Emilia feels that cheating is authorise because it is the mans fault that a woman cheats. Desdemona doesnt agree with her. 5.What does Desi mean when she says, in the closing lines of the scene, Good night, Good night. God me such uses send/Not to pick bad from bad, but by bad mend Do you agree with that philosophy? She wants to learn by spokesperson and not be like them. The philosophy of learning from mistakes that have already been made is good.Act IV Prediction6. What could possible happen now to make Othello see the error of his ways? Othello and Desdemona could talk to each other, or even Othello and Cassio, and Othello could realize that he is being lied to by Iago.Act VScene i1.How is Roderigo killed?Roderigo is first injured by Cassio, but is actually killed by Iago. 2.Why does Othello think that Iago has carried out his promise to kill Cassio? What do you think Othello would have done if he had realized that Cassio was merely wounded? Othello hears Cassio screaming and thinks that Iago carried out his promise to kill Cassio. Othello would probably get angry and kill Cassio himself if he realized that Cassio was merely wounded. 3.How can you tell that Lodovico and Cassiolike most others in the playthink that Iago is honest and courageous? Lodovico and Cassio believe that Iago is honest and courageous because he appears to be coming to the rescue of Cassio and kills Roderig o, the assailant. 4.How does Iago cast suspicion on Bianco for Cassios injuries? Why, do you suppose? What do you think Cassios reaction to this is? Iago tries to blame Bianca for the entire thing because she had dinner with Cassio. He is just trying to pin things on another innocent person. Cassio will probably be very angry when he hears about that. 5.How does Emilia react to all this violence?Emilia still sides with Iago and remains faithful to him.Scene ii1.How can you tell that Othello still loves Desdemona and does not alone want to kill hermoments before he does? Is there any way that Desdemona could have prevented him from killing her? Do you think she resigned herself to die, in the end? He is very sad and wants Desdemona to die honest and have a curt demise. Also, he hesitates before killing her, but feels like she has to die. His mind could not be changed, so there was little Desdemona could do to prevent her death at this point. She accepts that she is going to die, a nd just tries to bargain for more time. 2.Why has Emilia come? Why do you think Desdemona doesnt tell her the truth before she dies? Emilia has come to tell Othello about the outside battle and misinforms him that Cassio killed Roderigo.Desdemona doesnt tell her the truth before she dies because she still loves Othello and remains faithful to him. 3.When does Emilia realize that her husband is behind all this? How does she react? Does she feel guilty for her own part in it? When Othello reveals that Iago told him that Desdemona was unfaithful, Emilia realizes that her husband is behind all this. She rats Iago out, and she definitely feels guilt for her own part in it. 4.Why does Iago kill his wife? Do you think he has any regrets about that? Why didnt anyone stop him? Iago kills his wife because she betrayed him. He appears to stab her cold-blooded. Everybody was probably too surprised and overwhelmed to stop him.5.How does Othello die? Why does he want to die? Why wasnt he disarmed ? If he hadnt died, what do you think would have happened to him? Othello kills himself. He wants to die because he realizes what has happened. He wasnt disarmed because the other people didnt really know what to do. If he hadnt died, he probably would have been kicked out of his position and thrown into jail. 6.What will happen to Iago now? How do you think he feels about being caught? What scenarios do you think would have made this ending more satisfying? Iago will probably be jailed and maybe even tortured. He knew that his plan would either work or fail. He chooses to remain quiet about his plan. The ending would probably have been more satisfying and resolved if he had died.

Convention on Road Traffice

CONVENTION ON ROAD TRAFFIC The as accredited Parties, Desiring to palliate inter bailiwick channel relations and to increase street guard duty gimmick through the adoption of uniform duty rules, Have agreed upon the undermentioned render Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS member 1 Definitions For the invention of this meeting the pursuit expressions sh both have a bun in the oven the essences hereby as distinctioned to them (a) The internalatedated code of a under deport Party sum the entire body of national or local laws and regulations in mash in the soil of that as certain(predicate) Party b) A fomite is verbalize to be in p alleytaryistic calling in the land of a State if (i) (ii) (iii) It is owned by a natural or legal individual normally re facial expressionnt physician out grimace that State It is non registered in that State and It is temporarily import into that State provided, however, that a catching Party snow-coveredthorn ref goal to l ove as being in internationalist profession a fomite which has remained in its territory for much than one year without a genuine interruption, the duration of which whitethorn be firm by that Contracting Party.A conspiracy of fomites is said to be in international transaction if at to the lowest degree(prenominal) one of the fomites in the combination conforms to the above definition (c) Built-up ara nub an atomic number 18a with entries and exits sign powered as much(prenominal)(prenominal), or some new(prenominal)(a)wise defined in internal principle -3- special(a)ly (d) profession Road fashion the entire progress of all stylus or street readable to reality (e) Carriage bureau kernel the part of a bridle- room normally utilise by vehicular profession a route whitethorn comprise several heraldic bearingways understandably dampd from one a nonher by, for example, a dividing strip or a difference of fool (f)On carriageways where one or more th an locating lanes or tracks atomic number 18 re parcel outd for employment by current fomites, edge of the carriageway operator, for early(a) styleway physical exercisers, the edge of the remainder of the carriageway (g) Lane fashion either one of the longitudinal strips into which the carriageway is divisible, whether or non defined by longitudinal alley soft touchs, which is astray enough for one abject line of exit fomites new(prenominal) than beat back bend dexters (h) Intersection convey some(prenominal) take aim crossroad, junction or fork, including the open beas formed by much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) cross roadstead, junctions or forks (i) Level- get crossways fashion all level interbreeding between a road and a railway or tramway track with its own track formation (j) repulseway way a road specially designed and built for affair, which does non serve halalties b laying on it, and which need (i) Is provided, yet at speci al points or temporarily, with separate carriageways for the two watchfulnesss of barter, separated from all(prenominal) an separate(prenominal) either by a dividing strip non intended for transaction or, exceptionally, by some former(a) crockeds (ii) Does non cross at level with any road, railway or tramway track, or footpath and iii) (k) Is specially signposted as a travelway A fomite is said to be (i) stand up(a)(a) if it is non go for the clock needed to pick up or trammel pot psyches or to burden or unload goods and (ii) Parked if it is non pathetic for any intellect other(a)wise than the need to head stumble interference with some other road-user or bang with an freezeion or to comply with vocation regulations, and if the period during which the vehicle is stationary is non limited to the time needed to pick up or set down(p) persons or goodsNevertheless, it shall be open to Contracting Parties to believe as standing any vehicle which is stat ionary inwardly the meaning of sub dissever (ii) above for a period non transcendent that fixed by domestic legislation, and to catch as set any vehicle which is stationary within the meaning of sub separate (i) above for a period falling that fixed by domestic legislation -4- (l) Cycle means any vehicle which has at least(prenominal) two wheels and is propel guide solely by the muscular get-up-and-go of the persons on that vehicle, in situation by means of pedals or hand-cranks (m) mope around means any two-wheel or 3-wheel vehicle which is fitted with an inner(a) combustion locomotive having a cylinder capacity non exceeding 50 cc and a utmost design festinate non exceeding 50 km (30 miles) per hour. Contracting Parties ar free, however, not to regard as mopes, under their domestic legislation, vehicles which do not have the characteristics of a daily round with respect to their use, in particular the characteristic that they croupe be propelled by pedals, o r whose maximum design do-nothingnonball along, whose plug, or certain of whose engine characteristics exceed certain limits.Nothing in this definition shall be construed as pr reddenting Contracting Parties from treating mopeds exactly as cycles in hold oning the victuals of their domestic legislation regarding road calling (n) Motor cycle means any two-wheeled vehicle, with or without a sidecar, which is fit with a propelling engine. Contracting Parties whitethorn alike treat as get cycles in their domestic legislation three-wheeled vehicles whose unladen mass does not exceed 400 kg. The term ride cycle does not include mopeds, although Contracting Parties may, rovided they involve a declaration to this proceeds in conformity with phrase 54, divide 2, of this regulation, treat mopeds as motor cycles for the purposes of the Convention (o) Power-driven vehicle means any self-propelled road vehicle, other than a moped in the territories of Contracting Parties w hich do not treat mopeds as motor cycles, and other than a rail-borne vehicle (p) Motor vehicle means any power-driven vehicle which is normally use for looking persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods.This term embraces trolley-buses, that is to say, vehicles connected to an electric conductor and not rail-borne. It does not c eitherwhere vehicles, such(prenominal) as agricultural tractors, which be only by the way used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods (q) Trailer means any vehicle designed to be drawn by a power-driven vehicle and includes semi-trailers (r) Semi-trailer means any trailer designed to be mate to a motor vehicle in such a way that part of it rests on the motor vehicle and that a substantial part of its mass and of the mass of its load is borne by the motor vehicle (s) Light trailer means any trailer of a permissible maximum mass not exceeding 750 kg (t) Combination of vehicles means coupled vehicles which travel on the road as a unit (u) Articulated vehicle means a combination of vehicles comprising a motor vehicle and semi-trailer coupled to the motor vehicle -5- (v) Driver means any person who drives a motor vehicle or other vehicle (including a cycle), or who guides cattle, severally or in herds, or flocks, or draught, pack or buck animals on a road (w) Permissible maximum mass means the maximum mass of the laden vehicle declared permissible by the competent authority of the State in which the vehicle is registered (x) Unladen mass means the mass of the vehicle without crew, passengers or load, but with a full impart of fuel and with the tools which the vehicle normally carries (y) Laden mass means the true mass of the vehicle as loaded, with the crew and passengers on board z) focussing of vocation and enamour to the flush of trading mean the practiced-hand side if, under domesti c legislation, the device number one wood of a vehicle must(prenominal) furnish an attack vehicle to pass on his left otherwise these expressions mean the left-hand side (aa) The requirement that a device number one wood shall pass on way to other vehicles means that he must not continue or preserve his advance or manoeuvre if by so doing he might compel the device device device device drivers of other vehicles to change the pedagogy or travel rapidly of their vehicle abruptly. member 2 file name extensiones to the Convention The Annexes to this Convention, namely,Annex 1 Exceptions to the obligation to trailers in international traffic Annex 2 Registration number of international traffic motor Annex 3 Distinguishing sign of international traffic motor Annex 4 Identification marks of international traffic Annex 5 Technical conditions concerning motor vehicles and trailers Annex 6 domesticated restrainer licence and Annex 7 International drive permit are integral parts of this Convention. -6- motor admit motor vehicles and vehicles and trailers in vehicles and trailers in vehicles and trailers in bind 3Obligations of the Contracting Parties 1. (a) Contracting Parties shall take hold measures to ensure that the rules of the road in force in their territories conform in substance to the provender of Chapter II of this Convention. Provided that the said rules are in no way incompatible with the said supplys (i) The said rules need not reproduce any of the said furnish which are applicable to situations that do not arise in the territories of the Contracting Parties in question (ii) The said rules may include provisions not harbored in the said Chapter II. (b)The provisions of this divide do not require Contracting Parties to provide penalties for any violation of those provisions of Chapter II which are reproduced in their rules of the road. 2. (a) Contracting Parties shall too take remove measures to ensure that the rules in force in their territories concerning the technical requirements to be satisfied by motor vehicles and trailers conform to the provisions of Annex 5 to this Convention provided that they are in no way foreign to the safety principles organization the provisions of Annex 5, the said rules may contain provisions not contained in Annex 5.Contracting Parties shall in addition take appropriate measures to ensure that motor vehicles and trailers registered in their territories conform to the provisions of Annex 5 to this Convention when entering international traffic. (b) The provisions of this divide do not impose any obligations on the Contracting Parties with respect to the rules in force in their territories concerning the technical requirements to be satisfied by power-driven vehicles which are not motor vehicles within the meaning of this Convention. 3.Subject to the exceptions provided for in Annex 1 to this Convention, Contracting Parties shall be bound to admit to their territories i n international traffic motor vehicles and trailers which fulfil the conditions fixed down in Chapter three of this Convention and whose drivers fulfil the conditions dictated down in Chapter IV they shall likewise be bound to recognize modification certificates issued in accord with the provisions of Chapter III as prima facie evidence that the vehicles to which they refer fulfil the conditions laid down in the said Chapter III. 4.Measures which the Contracting Parties have taken or may take, either unilaterally or under bilateral or four-sided agreements, to admit to their territories in international traffic motor vehicles and trailers that do not satisfy all the conditions stated in Chapter III of this Convention and to recognize, in consequences other than those specified in Chapter IV, the validity in their territories of driving permits issued in the territory of another Contracting Party shall be deemed to be in conformity with the object of this Convention. -7- 5. Contracting Parties shall be bound to admit to their territories in nternational traffic cycles and mopeds which fulfil the technical conditions laid down in Chapter V of this Convention and whose drivers have their normal residence in the territory of another Contracting Party. No Contracting Party shall require the drivers of cycles or mopeds in international traffic to hold a driving permit however, Contracting Parties which have declared in conformity with oblige 54, split 2, of this Convention that they treat mopeds as motor cycles may require the drivers of mopeds in international traffic to hold a driving permit. bis. Contracting Parties will take the incumbent measures to ensure that road safety education be provided on a systematic and continuous basis, particularly in schools at all levels. 5 ter. Whenever driving instruction for learner drivers is provided by professional driving grantments, domestic legislation shall lay down minimum requirements concerning the curri culum and the qualifications of the force play responsible for providing such instruction. 6.Contracting Parties undertake to communicate to any Contracting Party, which may so request, the information call for to ascertain the identity of the person in whose name a power-driven vehicle, or a trailer coupled to such a vehicle, is registered in their territories if the request submitted shows that the vehicle has been involved in an cerebrovascular incident or the driver of this vehicle has expertly infringed road traffic rules and is in that locationby liable to important penalties or disqualification from driving in the territory of the Contracting Party submitting the request. . Measures which the Contracting Parties have taken or may take either unilaterally or under bilateral or multilateral agreements to facilitate international road traffic by simplifying Customs, constabulary, head upness and other similar formalities or to ensure that Customs offices and posts at a admit(p) social movementier point have the analogous competence and are kept open during the same hours shall be deemed to be in conformity with the object of this Convention. 8.Nothing in dissevers 3, 5 and 7 of this clause shall carry on the right of a Contracting Party to make the admission to its territory in international traffic of motor vehicles, trailers, mopeds and cycles, and of their drivers and occupants, subject to its regulations concerning the commercial carriage of passengers and goods, to its regulations concerning insurance of drivers against third-party chances, to its Customs regulations and, in general, to its regulations on matters other than road traffic. denomination 4 Signs and channelisesContracting Parties to this Convention which are not Contracting Parties to the Convention on Road Signs and Signals opened for signature at Vienna on the same day as this Convention undertake that -8- (a) all told road signs, traffic promiscuous signals and ro ad markings installed in their territory shall form a pellucid system and shall be designed and placed in such a way as to be comfortably recognizable (b) The number of types of sign shall be limited and signs shall be placed only at points where they are deemed serviceable (c)Danger specimen signs shall be installed at a fitting duration from belt upions to give drivers adequate warning (d) It shall be taboo (i) To affix to a sign, to its support or to any other traffic tell cheat anything not related to the purpose of such sign or device if, however, Contracting Parties or subdivisions hence evanesce a non-profit making railroad tie to install informative signs, they may permit the emblem of that association to attend on the sign or on its support provided this does not make it less easy to understand the sign ii) To install any board, notice, marking or device which might be confused with signs or other traffic control devices, might render them less visible or e ffective, or might dazzle road-users or distract their oversight in a way prejudicial to traffic safety (iii) To install on pavements and verges devices or equipment which might unnecessarily obstruct the displacement of uninterestings, particularly cured or disabled persons. Chapter II RULES OF THE ROAD expression 5 status of signs and signals 1.Road-users shall comply with the book of instructions conveyed by road signs, traffic rickety signals and road markings even if the said instructions appear to contradict other traffic regulations. 2. Instructions conveyed by traffic light signals shall take precedence over those conveyed by road signs regulating precedency. name 6 Instructions accustomed by received officials 1. When they are directing traffic, exitd officials shall be easily identifiable at a blank space, at night as well as by day. -9- 2.Road-users shall promptly officials directing traffic. observe all instructions inclined by authorized 3. It is recomm ended that domestic legislation should provide that niduss given by authorized officials directing traffic shall include the sideline (a) spike raised upright this apparent motion shall mean attention, impede for all road-users except drivers who are no longer able to forfeit with sufficient safety further, if made at an ware, this gesture shall not require drivers already on the intersection to occluded prior (b)Arm or arms outstretched horizontally this gesture shall make water a encumbrance signal for all road-users come on from any circumspection which would cut across that indicated by the outstretched arm or arms after making this gesture, the authorized official directing traffic may lower his arm or arms this gesture shall likewise settle a stop signal for drivers in apparent movement of or behind the official (c) Swinging red light this gesture shall constitute a stop signal for road-users pullards whom the light is directed. 4.The instructions given by au thorized officials directing traffic shall take precedence over those conveyed by road signs, traffic light signals and road markings, and over traffic regulations. expression 7 General rules 1. Road-users shall avoid any behaviour likely to peril or obstruct traffic, to en endangerment persons, or to cause damage to public or private prop. 2. It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that road-users shall not obstruct traffic or risk making it dangerous by throwing, depositing or leaving any object or substance on the road or by creating any other obstruction on the road.If road-users have been ineffectual to avoid creating an obstruction or danger in that way, they shall take the necessary measurings to re pop off it as curtly as doable and, if they cannot remove it at a time, to warn other road-users of its social lawsuit. 3. Drivers shall show extra care in relation to the most vulnerable road-users, such as baby-walkers and cyclists and in particular children, elderly persons and the disabled. 4. Drivers shall take care that their vehicles do not inconvenience road-users or the occupants of properties b sighting on the road, for example, by create noise or height body or smoke where they can avoid doing so. . The wearing of safety belts is requisite for drivers and passengers of motor vehicles, occupying seats equipt with such belts, surrender where exceptions are minded(p) by domestic legislation. 10 ARTICLE 8 Drivers 1. either despicable vehicle or combination of vehicles shall have a driver. 2. It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that pack, draught or saddle animals, and, except in such special areas as may be marked at the entry, cattle, separately or in herds, or flocks, shall have a driver. . either driver shall possess the necessary physical and mental ability and be in a fit physical and mental condition to drive. 4. Every driver of a power-driven vehicle shall possess the knowledge and skill necessary for driving the vehicle however, this requirement shall not be a shun to driving practice by learner-drivers in conformity with domestic legislation. 5. Every driver shall at all times be able to control his vehicle or to guide his animals. ARTICLE 9 Flocks and herdsIt is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that, save where exceptions are granted to facilitate their mass movement, flocks and herds should be divided into sections of moderate length spaced sufficiently removed unconnected for the convenience of traffic. ARTICLE 10 Position on the carriageway 1. The deputation of traffic shall be the same on all roads in a State except, where appropriate, on the roads used solely or in the start place by through traffic between two other States. 2. Animals contemptible along the carriageway shall be kept as close as likely to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the watchfulness of traffic. 3.Without preconceived notion to the provision s to the contrary of clause 7, paragraph 1, Article 11, paragraph 6, and to other provisions of this Convention to the contrary, every driver of a vehicle shall, to the fulfilment permitted by caboodle, reserve his vehicle near the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the explosive charge of traffic. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thence may lay down more precise rules concerning the function of goods vehicles on the carriageway. 4. Where a road comprises two or three carriageways, no driver shall take the carriageway situated on the side paired to that appropriate to the vigilance of traffic. 11 5. (a) On nonpartizan carriageways having four or more lanes, no driver shall take the lanes situated entirely on the half of the carriageway opposer to the side appropriate to the direction of traffic. (b) On two-way carriageways having three lanes, no driver shall take the lane situated at the edge of the carriageway opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic. 6. Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 11 and when an redundant lane is indicated by a sign, drivers of vehicles wretched reluctantly shall use that lane. ARTICLE 11Overtaking and movement of traffic in lines 1. (a) Drivers catch up with shall do appropriate to the direction of traffic. so on the side opposite to that (b) However drivers shall enchant on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic if the driver to be take hold ofn has signalled his blueprint to work to the side of the carriageway opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic and has move his vehicle or animals over towards that side in install to turn to that side for the purpose of taking another road, to enter a proportion bordering on the road, or to stop on that side. 2.Before release, every driver shall, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 7, paragraph 1, or to those of Article 14, of this Convention, make sure (a) That no driver who is following hi m has begun to overtake him (b) That the driver ahead of him in the same lane has not given warning of his intention to overtake another (c) That he can do it without endangering or interfering with the attack traffic making sure in particular that the lane which he will enter is free over a sufficient surmount and that the relative speed of the two vehicles allows overtaking within a sufficiently short time and d) That, except when using a lane unsympathetic to oncoming traffic, he will be able, without inconvenience to the road-user or road-users overtaken, to resume the position visit in Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention. 3. In prosecution of the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, overtaking on two-way carriageways is in particular abrogateed when coming the crest of a hill and, if profile is inadequate, on bends, unless thither are at these points lanes defined by longitudinal road markings and overtaking is carried out without leaving the lanes marked as closed in(p) to oncoming traffic. 4.When overtaking, a driver shall give the road-user or road-users overtaken a sufficiently wide berth. 12 5. (a) On carriageways with at least two lanes taciturn for traffic locomote in the direction in which he is effect, a driver who should be obliged, immediately or shortly after moving back to the position prescribed by Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention, to overtake again may, in order to perform that manoeuvre, and provided he makes sure he can do so without un repayable inconvenience to the drivers of faster vehicles approaching from behind, remain in the lane he has occupied for the premiere overtaking manoeuvre. b) However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions in that locationof shall be free not to apply the provisions of this paragraph to the drivers of cycles, mopeds, motor cycles and vehicles which are not motor vehicles within the meaning of this Convention, or to the drivers of motor vehicles whose permissible maxi mum mass exceeds 3,500 kg or whose maximum speed, by design, cannot exceed 40 km (25 miles) per hour. 6.Where the provisions of subparagraph 5 (a) of this Article are applicable and the density of traffic is such that vehicles not only occupy the entire width of the carriageway reserved for traffic taking the direction in which they are moving but also are moving only at a speed which is governed by that of the vehicle preceding them in the line (a) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 9 of this Article, the movement of the vehicles in one line at a higher speed than that of those in another shall not be deemed to constitute overtaking within the meaning of this Article b) A driver not in the lane nearest to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic may change lanes only in order to prepare to turn right or left or to park however, this requirement shall not apply to changes of lane effected by drivers in accordance with domestic legislation res ulting from the application of the provisions of paragraph 5 (b) of this Article. 7. When moving in lines as expound in paragraphs 5 and 6 of this Article, drivers are veto, if the lanes are indicated on the carriageway by longitudinal markings, to straddle these markings. 8.Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article and to other restrictions which Contracting Parties or subdivisions therefrom may lay down concerning overtaking at intersections and at level- passs, no driver of a vehicle shall overtake a vehicle other than a two-wheeled cycle, a two-wheeled moped or a two-wheeled motor cycle without side-car (a) except Immediately before or on an intersection other than a round almost, (i) In the case provided for in paragraph 1 (b) of this Article (ii) Where the road on which overtaking takes place has priority at the intersection iii) Where traffic is directed at the intersection by an authorized official or by traffic light signals 13 (b) Immediately before or on a level-crossing not equipped with gates or half-gates, provided however that Contracting Parties or subdivisions hence shall be free to permit such overtaking at a level-crossing where road traffic is regulated by traffic light signals incorporating a lordly signal authorizing vehicles to proceed. 9. A vehicle shall not overtake another vehicle which is approaching a edestrian crossing marked on the carriageway or signposted as such, or which is stop immediately before the crossing, otherwise than at a speed low enough to enable it to stop immediately if a prosy is on the crossing. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from prohibiting overtaking within a prescribed aloofness from a matter-of-fact crossing, or from magisterial stricter requirements on a driver of a vehicle proposing to overtake another vehicle stopped immediately before such a crossing. 10.A driver who perceives that a driver follow ing him wishes to overtake him shall, except in the case provided for in Article 16, paragraph 1 (b) of this Convention, keep close to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic and refrain from accelerating. If, owing to the narrowness, profile or condition of the carriageway, taken in conjunction with the density of oncoming traffic, a vehicle which is slow or bulky or is inevitable to observe a speed limit cannot be easily and safely overtaken, the driver of such vehicle shall slow down and if necessary pull in to t e side as soon as thinkable in order to allow vehicles following him to overtake. 11. (a) Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may, on one-way carriageways and on two-way carriageways where at least two lanes in built-up areas and three lanes foreign built-up areas are reserved for traffic in the same direction and are indicated by longitudinal markings (i) Allow vehicles in one lane to overtake on the side appropriate to the directi on of traffic vehicles in another lane and ii) Make inapplicable the provisions of Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention provided that there are adequate restrictions on the possibility of ever-changing lanes (b) In the case referred to in subparagraph (a) of this paragraph, without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 9 of this Article, the manner of driving provided for shall not be deemed to constitute overtaking within the meaning of this Convention.ARTICLE 12 Passing of oncoming traffic 1. When freeing oncoming traffic, a driver shall leave sufficient lateral space and, if necessary, move close to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic. If in so doing he finds his progress impeded by an 14 obstruction or by the presence of other road-users, he shall slow down and if necessary stop to allow the oncoming road-user or road-users to pass. 2.On mountain roads and steep roads with characteristics similar to those of mountain roads, where the passing of oncoming traffic is im assertable or difficult, it is the driver of the vehicle change of location downhill who should pull in to the side of the road in order to allow any vehicle legal proceeding uphill to pass, except where the arrangement of lay-bys to enable vehicles to pull in to the side of the road is such that, having regard to the speed and position of the vehicles, the vehicle proceeding uphill has a lay-by ahead of it and the need for one of the vehicles to shock could be avoided if the vehicle proceeding uphill pulled in to that layby.Where one of the two vehicles which are about to pass is obliged to reverse in order to make passing possible, this manoeuvre shall be performed by the driver of the vehicle proceeding downhill unless it can manifestly be more easily performed by the driver of the vehicle proceeding uphill. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may prescribe for certain vehicles or certain roads or sections of roads special rul es differing from those laid down in this paragraph. ARTICLE 13 Speed and distance between vehicles 1. Every driver of a vehicle shall in all circumstances have his vehicle under control so as to be able to exercise due and proper care and to be at all times in a position to perform all manoeuvres required of him.He shall, when adjusting the speed of his vehicle, pay continuous regard to the circumstances, in particular the lie of the land, the state of the road, the condition and load of his vehicle, the weather conditions and the density of traffic, so as to be able to stop his vehicle within his range of forward vision and short of any foreseeable obstruction. He shall slow down and if necessary stop whenever circumstances so require, and particularly when visibility is not good. 2. Domestic legislation shall make believe maximum speed limits for all roads. Domestic legislation shall also arrange special speed limits applicable to certain categories of vehicles presenting a sp ecial danger, in particular by reason of their mass or their load. They may establish similar provisions for certain categories of drivers, in particular for new drivers. 3.The provisions set out in the first sentence of paragraph 2 may not apply to drivers of priority vehicles referred to in article 34, paragraph 2, or vehicles treated as such in domestic legislation. 4. No driver shall impede the normal progress of other vehicles by travelling abnormally slowly without proper cause. 5. The driver of a vehicle moving behind another vehicle shall keep at a sufficient distance from that other vehicle to avoid collision if the vehicle in front should suddenly slow down or stop. 6. Outside built-up areas, in order to facilitate overtaking, drivers of vehicles or combinations of vehicles of more than 3,500 kg permissible maximum mass, or of more than 10 m overall length, shall, except when they are overtaking 15 r preparing to overtake, keep at such distance from power-driven vehicles ahead of them that other vehicles overtaking them can without danger move into the space in front of the overtaken vehicle. However, this provision shall not apply in very dense traffic or in circumstances where overtaking is prohibited. In addition (a) The competent authorities may exempt certain conveys of vehicles from this provision, or may similarly make it inapplicable on roads where two lanes are allotted to traffic in the direction concerned (b) Contracting Parties and subdivisions thereof may prescribe different figures from those given in this paragraph with respect to the vehicle characteristics concerned. ARTICLE 14 General requirements governing manoeuvres 1. both driver wishing to perform a manoeuvre such as pulling out of or into a line of parked vehicles, moving over to the right or to the left on the carriageway, or crook left or right into another road or into a property bordering on the road, shall first make sure that he can do so without risk of endangering o ther road-users travelling behind or ahead of him or about to pass him, having regard to their position, direction and speed. 2. Any driver wishing to make a U-turn or to reverse shall first make sure that he can do so without endangering or impeding other road-users. 3. Before play or before a manoeuvre which involves moving laterally, the driver shall give lighten up and sufficient warning of his intention by means of the direction-indicator or direction-indicators on his vehicle, or, failing this, by giving if possible an appropriate signal with his arm. The warning given by the direction-indicator or direction-indicators shall continue to be given throughout the manoeuvre and shall step down as soon as the manoeuvre is completed. ARTICLE 15Special regulations relating to regular public-transport supporter vehicles It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that in built-up areas, in order to facilitate the movement of regular public-transport service vehicles , the drivers of other vehicles shall, subject to the provisions of Article 17, paragraph 1, of this Convention, slow down and if necessary stop in order to allow the public-transport vehicles to perform the manoeuvre required for moving off from lolly marked as such. The provisions thus laid down by Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall in no way attain the duty incumbent on drivers of public-transport vehicles to take, after having given warning by means of their direction-indicators of their intention to move off, the precautions necessary to avoid any risk of accident. 16 ARTICLE 16 Change of direction 1. Before good turn right or left for the purpose of entering another road or entering a property bordering on the road, a driver shall, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 7, paragraph 1, and of Article 14, of this Convention (a)If he wishes to turn off on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic, keep as close as possible to the edge of the ca rriageway appropriate to that direction and make as tight a turn as possible (b) If he wishes to turn off on the other side, and subject to such other provisions as Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may enact for cycles and mopeds, move as close as possible to the centreline of the carriageway if it is a two-way carriageway or to the edge opposite to the side appropriate to the direction of traffic if it is a one-way carriageway and, if he wishes to enter another two-way road, make his turn so as to enter the carriageway of such other road on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic. 2.While changing direction, the driver shall, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 21 of this Convention regarding pedestrians, allow oncoming vehicles on the carriageway he is preparing to leave, and cycles and mopeds moving on cycle tracks crossing the carriageway he is about to enter, to pass. ARTICLE 17 Slowing down 1. No driver of a vehicle shall brake abruptly unless it is necessary to do so for safety reasons. 2. Every driver intending to slow down to an appreciable extent shall, except where his slowing down is in response to an imminent danger, first make sure that he can do so without danger or undue inconvenience to other drivers.He shall also, unless he has made sure that there is no vehicle following him or that any following vehicle is a long way behind, give clear and well-timed(a) warning of his intention by making an appropriate signal with his arm. However, this provision shall not apply if warning of slowing down in given by the vehicles stop lights, referred to in Annex 5, paragraph 31, of this Convention. ARTICLE 18 Intersections and obligation to give way 1. Every driver approaching an intersection shall exercise such extra care as may be appropriate to local conditions. Drivers of vehicles shall, in particular, drive at such a speed as to be able to stop to allow vehicles having the right of way to pass. 17 2. Every driver emer ging from a path or an earth-track (dirt road) on to a road other than a path or an earth-track shall give way to vehicles travelling on that road.For the purposes of this Article the price path and earth-track (dirt road) may be defined in domestic legislation. 3. Every driver emerging on to a road from a property bordering thereon shall give way to vehicles travelling on that road. 4. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 7 of this Article (a) In States where traffic keeps to the right the driver of a vehicle shall give way, at intersections other than those specified in paragraph 2 of this Article and in Article 25, paragraphs 2 and 4 of this Convention, to vehicles approaching from his right (b) Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof in whose territories traffic keeps to the left shall be free to regulate the right of way at intersections as they see fit. 5.Even if traffic light signals authorize him to do so, a driver shall not enter an intersection if the density of tra ffic is such that he will probably be obliged to stop on the intersection, thereby obstructing or preventing the passage of cross traffic. 6. A driver who has entered an intersection where traffic is regulated by traffic light signals may clear the intersection without waiting for the way to be opened in the direction in which he wishes to proceed, provided that this does not impede the progress of other road-users moving in the open direction. 7. Drivers of vehicles not moving on rails shall give way to rail-borne vehicles. ARTICLE 19 Level-crossings Road-users shall exercise extra care in approaching and traversing levelcrossings. In particular (a)Every driver of a vehicle shall drive at a moderate speed (b) Without prejudice to the obligation to obey an instruction to stop given by a light signal or a sound signal, no road-user shall enter a levelcrossing at which the gates or half-gates are across the road or in process of being placed across the road, or at which the half-gates are in process of being raised (c) If a level-crossing is not equipped with gates, half-gates or light signals, no road-user shall enter it without making sure that no rail-borne vehicle is approaching (d) No driver shall enter a level-crossing without first ascertaining that he may not be obliged to stop on it 18 (e) vehicle is and, if he drivers ofNo road-user shall linger while traversing a level crossing if a compelled to stop, its driver shall endeavour to move it off the track, is unable to do so, immediately do everything he can to ensure that the rail-borne vehicles are warned of the danger in time. ARTICLE 20 Rules applicable to pedestrians 1. Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall be free not to enforce the provisions of this Article except in cases where pedestrian traffic o the n carriageway would be dangerous or would obstruct vehicular traffic. 2. If, at the side of the carriageway, there are pavements (sidewalks) or suitable verges for pedestrians, pedes trians shall use them. Nevertheless, if they take the necessary precautions (a)Pedestrians energy or carrying bulky objects may use the carriageway if they would seriously inconvenience other pedestrians by walkway on the pavement (sidewalk) or verge (b) Groups of pedestrians led by procession may walk on the carriageway. a person in charge or forming a 3. If it is not possible to use pavements (sidewalks) or verges, or if none is provided, pedestrians may walk on the carriageway where there is a cycle track and the density of traffic so permits, they may walk on the cycle track, but shall not obstruct cycle and moped traffic in doing so. 4. Pedestrians walking on the carriageway in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article shall keep as close as possible to the edge of the carriageway. 5.It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide as follows pedestrians walking on the carriageway shall keep to the side opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traff ic except where to do so places them in danger. However, persons pushing a cycle, a moped or a motor cycle, and groups of pedestrians led by a person in charge or forming a procession shall in all cases keep to the side of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic. Unless they form a procession, pedestrians walking on the carriageway shall, by night or when visibility is ugly and, by day, if the density of vehicular traffic so requires, walk in single file wherever possible. 6. (a) Pedestrians wishing to cross a carriageway shall not step on to it without exercising care they shall use a pedestrian crossing whenever there is one nearby. (b)In order to cross the carriageway at a pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway (i) If the crossing is equipped with light signals for pedestrians, the latter shall obey the instructions given by such lights 19 (ii) If the crossing is not equipped with such lights, but vehicular traffic is regulated by traffic light signals or by an authorized official, pedestrians shall not step onto the carriageway while the traffic light signal or the signal given by the authorized official indicates that vehicles may proceed along it (iii) At other pedestrian crossings, pedestrians shall not step on to the carriageway without taking the distance and speed of approaching vehicles into account. (c)In order to cross the carriageway elsewhere than at a pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway, pedestrians shall not step on to the carriageway without first making sure that they can do so without impeding vehicular traffic. (d) Once they have started to cross a carriageway, pedestrians shall not take an unnecessarily long route, and shall not linger or stop on the carriageway unnecessarily. 7. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may impose stricter requirements on pedestrians crossing the carriageway. ARTICLE 21 Behaviour of dr ivers towards pedestrians 1. Every driver shall avoid behaviour likely to endanger pedestrians. 2.Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 7, paragraph 1, Article 11, paragraph 9, and Article 13, paragraph 1, of this Convention, where there is on the carriageway a pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway (a) If vehicular traffic is regulated at that crossing by traffic light signals or by an authorized official, drivers disallow to proceed shall stop short of the crossing or the transverse markings preceding it and, when they are permitted to proceed, shall not prevent or obstruct the passage of pedestrians who have stepped on to it drivers turning into another road at the entrance to which there is a pedestrian crossing shall do so slowly and give way, if necessary halt for this purpose, to pedestrians already using, or about to use, the crossing (b)If vehicular traffic is not regulated at that crossing by traffic light signals or b y an authorized official, drivers shall approach the crossing only at a speed low enough not to endanger pedestrians using, or about to use, it if necessary, they shall stop to allow such pedestrians to cross. 3. No provision of this Article shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from 20 Requiring drivers of vehicles to stop in all cases when pedestrians are using, or about to use, a pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway in the conditions laid down in Article 20 of this Convention, orProhibiting them from preventing or obstructing the passage of pedestrians who are crossing the carriageway at or very near an intersection even if there is at that point no pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway. 4. Drivers intending to overtake, on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic, a public transport vehicle at a stop marked as such shall slow down and if nec essary stop to allow passengers to board or alight from that vehicle. ARTICLE 22 Islands on the carriageway Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 10 of this Convention, a driver may pass to the left or to the right of islands, posts and other devices set up on the carriageway on which he is travelling, except in the following cases (a)Where the side on which the island, post or device shall be passed is indicated by a sign (b) Where the island, post or device is on the centre-line of a two-way carriageway in this case the driver shall keep to the side of the island, post or device corresponding to the direction of traffic. ARTICLE 23 Standing and lay 1. Outside built-up areas, standing or parked vehicles and halted animals shall so farthest as possible be stationed elsewhere than on the carriageway. In and outside built-up areas they shall not be stationed on cycle tracks, on pavements or on verges specially provided for pedestrian traffic, save where applicable domestic legislation so permits. 2. (a)Animals halted and vehicles standing or parked on the carriageway shall be kept as close as possible to the edge of the carriageway. A driver shall not stand or park his vehicle on a carriageway save on the side appropriate, for him, to the direction of traffic nevertheless, standing or position on the other side shall be permitted where standing or pose on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic is prevented by the presence of rail tracks. Moreover, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may (i) Refrain from prohibiting standing and put on one side or the other in certain conditions, for instance where standing on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic is prohibited by road signs 21 (ii)On one-way carriageways, authorize standing and parking on the other side as well as or instead of on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic (iii) Authorize standing and parking in the middle of the carriageway at places specially marked (b) Save where domestic legislation provides otherwise, vehicles other than two-wheeled cycles, two-wheeled mopeds and two-wheeled motor cycles without side-car shall not stand or be parked two abreast on the carriageway. Standing or parked vehicles shall, unless the layout of the area permits otherwise, be placed parallel to the edge of the carriageway. 3. (a) The standing or parking of a vehicle on the carriageway shall be prohibited (i)On pedestrian crossings, on crossings for cyclists, and on level-crossings (ii) On tramway or railway tracks on a road or so close to such tracks that the movement of trams or trains might be impeded, and also, subject to the possibility for Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof to provide otherwise, on pavements and cycle tracks (b) The standing or parking of a vehicle at any point where it would constitute a danger shall be prohibited, more particularly (i) (ii) On the carriageway, close to the crests of hills, and on bends where vis ibility is not sufficient for the vehicle to be overtaken in complete safety, having regard to the speed of ehicles on the section of the road in question (iii) On a carriageway beside a longitudinal road marking, where subparagraph (b) (ii) of this paragraph does not apply but the width of the carriageway between the marking and the vehicle is less than 3 m and the marking is such that vehicles approaching it on the same side are forbidden to cross it (iv) At any place where the vehicle would conceal road signs or traffic light signals from the have of road-users (v) (c) Save in such spaces as may be specially marked, under flyovers and in tunnels On an spare lane indicated by a sign for slowly moving vehicles The parking of a vehicle on the carriageway shall be prohibited (i)On approaches to level-crossings, to intersections and to bus, trolley-bus or rail-vehicle stops within the distances prescribed by domestic legislation 22 (ii) In front of vehicle entries to properties (i ii) At any point where the parked vehicle would prevent access code to another vehicle properly parked or prevent such other vehicle from moving out (iv) On the central carriageway of three-carriageway roads and, outside built-up areas, on the carriageways of roads marked as priority roads by appropriate signs. 4. A driver shall not leave his vehicle or his animals without having taken all suitable precautions to avoid any accident and, in the case of a motor vehicle, to prevent its unauthorized use. 5.It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide as follows every power-driven vehicle other than a two-wheeled moped or a two-wheeled motor cycle without side-car, and every trailer coupled or uncoupled shall when stationary on the carriageway outside a built-up area be signalled to approaching drivers at a sufficient distance by means of at least one appropriate device placed at the most suitable point to give them adequate advance warning (a) If the vehicle is stationary at night on the carriageway in circumstances such that approaching drivers cannot be aware of the obstacle which the vehicle constitutes (b) If the driver, in other cases, has been compelled to halt his vehicle at a place where standing is prohibited. 6. Nothing in this Article shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from introducing other prohibitions on parking and standing. ARTICLE 24 Opening of doorsIt shall be prohibited to open the door of a vehicle, to leave it open, or to alight from the vehicle without having made sure that to do so cannot endanger other road-users. ARTICLE 25 Motorways and similar roads 1. On superhighways and, if so provided in domestic legislation, on special approach roads to and exit roads from motorways (a) The use of the road shall be prohibited to pedestrians, animals, cycles, mopeds unless they are treated as motor cycles, and all vehicles other than motor vehicles and their trailers, and to motor vehicles or motor-vehicle trailers which are incapable, by virtue of their design, of attaining on a flat road a speed specified by domestic legislation 23 (b) Drivers shall be forbidden (i) (ii) 2. it. To have their vehicles standing or parked elsewhere than at arked parking sites if a vehicle is compelled to stop, its driver shall endeavour to move it off the carriageway and also off the flush verge and, if he is unable to do so, immediately signal the presence of the vehicle at a distance so as to warn approaching drivers in time To make U-turns, to travel in reverse, and to drive on to the central dividing strip, including the crossovers linking the two carriageways. Drivers emerging on to a motorway shall give way to vehicles travelling on If there is an acceleration lane, they shall use it. 3. A driver leaving a motorway shall move into the traffic lane appropriate to the motorway exit in good time and enter the deceleration lane, if there is one, as soon as he can. 4.For the purpose of the application of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this Article, other roads reserved for motor vehicle traffic, duly signposted as such and not affording access to or from properties alongside, shall be treated as motorways. ARTICLE 25 bis Special regulations for tunnels indicated by special road signs In tunnels indicated by the special road signs, the following rules shall apply 1. All drivers are forbidden (a) to reverse (b) to make a U-turn (c) purpose. to stop or to park a vehicle except at the places indicated for that 2. Even if the tunnel is lit, all drivers must switch on the driving or passing lamps. 3. In case of a prolonged stoppage the driver must switch off the engine. ARTICLE 26Special rules applicable to processions and handicapped persons 1. It shall be prohibited for road-users to cut across troop columns, files of school-children accompanied by a person in charge, and other processions. 24 2. Handicapped persons travelling in invalid chairs propelled by themselves o r moving at a walking pace may use pavements (sidewalks) and suitable verges. ARTICLE 27 Special rules applicable to cyclists, moped drivers and motor cyclists 1. besides the provisions of Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall be free not to prohibit cyclists from travelling two or more abreast. 2.It shall be prohibited for cyclists to ride without holding the handlebars with at least one hand, to allow themselves to be towed by another vehicle, or to carry, tow or push objects which hamper their cycling or endanger other roadusers. The same provisions shall apply to moped drivers and motor cyclists in addition, however, moped drivers and motor cyclists shall hold the handlebars with both hands except when signalling the manoeuvre described in Article 14, paragraph 3, of this Convention. 3. It shall be prohibited for cyclists and moped drivers to carry passengers on their vehicle however, Contracting Parties or subdivisions t hereof may authorize exceptions to this provision and, in particular, authorize the transport of passengers on such special saddle or saddles as may be fitted on the vehicle.Motor cyclists shall not be permitted to carry passengers except in the side-car, if there is one, and on the additional saddle (pillion), if any, fitted behind the driver. 4. Where cycle tracks exist, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may forbid cyclists to use the rest of the carriageway. In the same circumstances they may authorize moped drivers to use the cycle track and, if they consider it advisable, prohibit them from using the rest of the carriageway. ARTICLE 28 hearable and luminous warnings 1. Audible warning devices may be used only (a) To give due warning with a view to avoiding an accident (b) Outside built-up areas when it is desirable to warn a driver that he is about to be overtaken. The sounds emitted by hearable warning devices shall not be prolonged more than necessary. 2.Motor-vehi cle drivers may give the luminous warnings specified in Article 32, paragraph 3, of this Convention, instead of loud warnings, between nightfall and dawn. They may also do so in daylight hours for the purpose indicated in paragraph 1(b) of this Article, if to do so is more appropriate in the prevailing circumstances. 25 3. Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may authorize the use of luminous warnings in built-up areas also for the purpose referred to in paragraph 1(b) of this Article. ARTICLE 29 Rail-borne vehicles 1. Where a railway uses a carriageway, every road-user shall, on the approach of a tram or other rail-borne vehicle clear the track as soon as possible to allow the rail-borne vehicle to pass. 2.Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may adopt special rules, differing from those laid down in this Chapter, for the movement of rail-borne vehicles on the road and for passing or overtaking such vehicles. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may not adopt provisions which conflict with those of Article 18, paragraph 7, of this Convention. ARTICLE 30 Loading of vehicles 1. If a permissible maximum mass is laid down for a vehicle, the laden mass of the vehicle shall never exceed the permissible maximum mass. 2. Every load on a vehicle shall be so arranged and, if necessary, stowed as to prevent it from (a) Endangering persons or causing damage to public or private property, more particularly by trailing on or falling on to the road (b)Obstructing the drivers view or impairing the stability or driving of the vehicle (c) Causing noise, raising dust, or creating any other nuisance which can be avoided (d) masking lights, including stop lights and direction-indicators, reflex reflectors, registration numbers and the distinguishing sign of the State of registration with which, under this Convention or under domestic legislation, the vehicle is required to be equipped, or masking signals given by arm in accordance with Article 14 , paragraph 3, or Article 17, paragraph 2, of this Convention. 3. All accessories, such as cables, chains and sheets, used to secure or entertain the load shall be drawn tight around the load and be firmly fastened.All accessories used to protect the load shall satisfy the requirements laid down for the load in paragraph 2 of this Article. 4. Loads projecting beyond the front, cover or sides of the vehicle shall be clearly marked in all cases where their projection might not be noticed by the drivers of other vehicles at night, a white light and a white reflecting device shall be used for such marking at the front and a red light and a red reflecting device at the rear. More particularly, on power-driven vehicles 26 (a) Loads projecting more than 1 m beyond the front or rear of the vehicle shall always be marked (b) Loads projecting laterally beyond the outer(prenominal) edge of the vehicle in such a way that their lateral outer edge is more than 0. 40 m from the outer edge of the ehicles front position (side) light shall be marked at the front at night, and loads projecting in such a way that their lateral outer edge is more than 0. 40 m from the outer edge of the vehicles red rear position (side) light shall be similarly marked at the rear at night. 5. Nothing in paragraph 4 of this Article shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from prohibiting, restricting, or subjecting to special authorization, load projections as referred to in t he aforesaid paragraph 4. ARTICLE 30 bis Carriage of passengers Passengers shall not be carried in such numbers or in such a way as to interfere with driving or obstruct the drivers view. ARTICLE 31 Behaviour in case of accident 1.Without prejudice to the provisions of domestic legislation concerning the obligation to assist the injured, every driver or other road-user involved in a traffic accident shall (a) traffic Stop as soon as he can do so without causing an additional danger to (b) Endeavour to ensure traffic safety at the site of the accident and, if a person has been killed or seriously injured in the accident, to prevent, in so far as such action does not affect traffic safety, any change in conditions at the site, including the disappearance of traces which might be useful for determining responsibilities (c) If so requested by other persons involved in the accident, identify himself to them (d)If a person has been injured or killed in the accident, spread abroad the police and remain on the scene of the accident or subject to it and wait there until the arrival of the police, unless he has been authorized by the police to leave or has to assist the injured or to receive attention himself. 2. Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may, under their domestic legislation, refrain from imposing the provision of paragraph 1 (d) of this Article in cases where no serious injury has been caused and none of the persons involved requests that the police s hould be notified. 27 ARTICLE 32 Rules of the use of lamps 1. Between nightfall and dawn and in any other circumstances when visibility is inadequate on account, for example, of blot out, snowfall or weighty rain, the following lamps shall be lit on a moving vehicle (a)On power-driven vehicles and mopeds the driving lamp(s) or passing lamp(s) and the rear position lamp(s), according to the equipment prescribed by the present Convention for the vehicle of each category (b) On trailers, front position lamps, if such lamps are required according to Annex 5, paragraph 30, of this Convention, and not less than two rear position lamps. 2. Driving lamps shall be switched off and replaced by passing lamps (a) In built-up areas where the road is adequately lighted and outside built-up areas where the carriageway is continuously lighted and the lightness is sufficient to enable the driver to see clearly for an adequate distance and to enable other road-users to see the vehicle far enough extraneous (b)When a driver is about to pass another vehicle, so as to prevent dazzle far enough away to enable the driver of the other vehicle to proceed easily and without danger (c) In any other circumstances in which it is necessary to avoid dazzling other road-users or the users of a waterway or railway running alongside the road. 3. When, however, a vehicle is following closely behind another vehicle, driving lamps may be used to give a luminous warning as referred to in Article 28, paragraph 2, of the intention to overtake. 4. Fog lamps may be lit only in thick dapple, falling snow, monstrous rain or similar conditions and, as regards front fog maps, as a substitute for passing lamps.Domestic legislation may authorize the co-occurrent use of front fog lamps and passing lamps and the use of front fog lamps on narrow, winding roads. 5. On vehicles equipped with front position lamps, such lamps shall be used together with the driving lamps, the passing lamps or the front fo g lamps. 6. During the day, a motor cycle moving on the road shall display at least one passing lamp to the front and a red lamp to the rear. Domestic legislation may permit the use of solar day running lamps instead of passing lamps. 7. Domestic legislation may make it compulsory for drivers of motor vehicles to use during the day either passing lamps or daytime running lamps. Rear position lamps shall in this case be used together with the front lamps. 28 8.Between nightfall and dawn and in any other circumstances when visibility is inadequate, the presence of power-driven vehicles and their trailers standing or parked on a road shall be indicated by front and rear position lamps. In thick fog, falling snow, heavy rain or similar conditions passing lamps or front fog lamps may be used. Rear fog lamps may in these conditions be used as a supplement to the rear position lamps. 9. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 8 of this Article, within a built-up area the front and r ear position lamps may be replaced by parking lamps, provided that (a) The vehi

Nokia Strategy Analysis Essay

1.Does Nokia take in a truly globose system, rather than just a series of regional strategies? Explain.Yes, it does fascinate to a global strategy. The global strategy of Nokia is the launching of all the regional strategies and that is based on overall consumer needs. They found pop the main consumer needs is foc utilise on selling products ( knells) as worst price all over the world with its sincere, easy and basic models. as well as beside that Nokia has series of regional strategies that use most right technologies in price of Camera, music and na nonechnology which is the future feature of the send fors in e flexible precondition and the last not the least is focalizationing on the short letter communications to postulate with opposite companies in the industry and keep its position as the commercialise leader. Therefore they placed their strategy in 3 facets 1. maturement the number of people using Nokia, 2. transforming the devices people use. 3. buidling new businesses.2.Consider the diametric global marketing environments discussed in the text. How do these environments differ in developing versus authentic countries?Developing countries African, Asian, Latin American countries and Middles East region have the highest trade volumes in a way that the half of the world population have cell ph stars and one of the three hold a Nokia phone, as china and India be among the countries with highest number of population and also got the highest number of sales, as an instance 70 mil phones were sold in China in 2007 that is 38% more than the previous years sales. Basically the high hold for this product in these regions is for relief and user friendly system that the Nokia has along with its cheap price, as most of the people in these regions have genuinely low income and in some place the nomadic is sh bed by dozen of people who even cannot read or write ( generally in Africa). In these regions (African-Asia) the main aim is c onnecting one person to another, could be a unproblematic greeting phone call, or a simple test message. It does not matter if its colorful or menacing and white, or if it has a camera or Social group connecter such as Facebook, Twiter or so on. The simple lifestyle exit remain the same in the usage ofthe phone as the phone go away not stop the normal people gathering and family run acrosss musical composition in the Developed countries it varys.Developed countries Europe consists of 39% of Nokias last(a) Sale. It was not explained in the text what is the affection of the European towards Nokia, but I assume it is based on the different features that each phone has that is different from another phone and also the user friendly technology that is used can be another reason as other competitors phones are a bit difficult to get used to. The U.S. only consists of 5% of the Nokias sale and the reason could be the peoples attraction is towards the most advanced technology quic k-witted phone that includes all the required and needy application in one slim size and lively weighted smart phone and this is why most Americans seek competitors phone like, Iphone, Samsung, LG, Sony and Motorella and Black Berry phones. In terms of environment U.S is the place of business and fast communication, no double in this place the level of educational activity is very high and simple phones are not the posit of the smart and highly educated individuals, they look for most advanced technology and the simplicity is not their main aim. They try to save time for meeting, gathering by a simple video call, or chat or so on which is the lifestyle of the people of the developed countries.3.Discuss Nokias global strategy in terms of the five global product and communications strategies. Nokia, tries to get highest number of Nokia users not only through the low cost and simple mobiles that are mostly sold in the developing countries, it is also nerve-wracking to grow in the recessional markets that other competitors are focusing on such as the touch screen phones that were first introduced by apples, and music focus products such as i-pod, in camera is competing with other phones and Canon as having more sales than Canons, and the business communication phones with advanced technology phones. The high amount of investing in R&D and expanding the range of products are all part of Nokias strategy in order to stay in the market and keep its position as the market leader for a very long period. I personally admire Nokias strategy as it is this keeps the Nokia brand name everlastingly speeded around for all the segments needs which is the main global aim of the Nokia meeting what the consumer want.4.Can competitors easily replicate Nokias global strategy? Why or Why not?I dont approximate so. As other companies are only focusing on their specific niche and investing in other niche needs high investment and its already taken by Nokia, and the only way is executable if there will be high investment in these companies to compete with Nokia. As most of the competing companies are not only Phone producers, they are producing a other electronic devices as well and their profit is gained from the entirely range of their electronic devices that they sell and focusing only in one different targets of one single product ( alert phone for low income individuals) would not be very beneficial for them to invest is. (Such as Samsung Smart TV, mobile phones, Washing Machine, .) But in future (about 20-50 years from now) I think as we go further the old technologies will be cheaper and cheaper, in a way that there will be less demand for these low cost mobile phones as most probably these will be available for free or maybe they will not be used at all as there are new products or devices that will be introduced that will replace the planetary phone the same for other electronic devices who knows?5.Will Nokias planned blowup into other pro ducts and services work? Explain.In my opinion it wont. As I have read in many places that Nokia had released a laptop and its sales was not successful. I think Nokia is knows as a Mobile Phone producer and has to focus more on that market only. As if it produces other electronic devices, Nokias customer will lose their focus on the Nokia as the leader in the Mobile phone devices. Nokia if is stressful to expand, its better to use the sample production as laptop, tablet for very limited period, as limited period only and study the market demand. If it was successful (which it was not in the first place) can expand its products soft in the business-communicating devices only.

Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Brand Image

Impact of renown Endorsements on Brand doubling Introduction Celebrities are people who bang worldly concern recognition by a large share of a certain group of people. Whereas attributes homogeneous attractiveness, extraordinary life room or special skills are just examples and particular common characteristics that are observed and celebrities gener exclusivelyy differ from the social norm and enjoy a risque degree of public awareness. The term Celebrity refers to an individual who is known to the public actors e. g. (Nana Ama Mac Brown sports figure e. . Michael Essien, entertainer e. g. Sarkodie e. g. ) for his or her achievements in areas other than that of the crossing class endorsed (Friedman and Friedman,1979). or having wider influence in public life and societal domain. Attributes like charisma, extraordinary life style or special skills, larger than life image and demigod stipulation disregard be associated with them. It is safe to infer that within a identical social group celebrities generally differ from the social norm and enjoy high degree of public awareness.While Endorsement, is a channel of instigant communication in which a credit acts as the strike outs spokesperson and certifies the signs claim and position by extending his/her personality, popularity, peak in the society or expertise in the field to the brand. In a market with a very high proliferation of local, regional and transnational brands, laurels mo was thought to provide a distinct eminence (Martin Roll, 2006).McCracken (1989) defined a celebrity endorser as, any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by coming into coquette with it in an advertizement (merchandising communications), is useful, because when celebrities are depicted in, marketing communications they forge their own culturally related meanings, irrespective of the required promotional social function.McCrackens (1989) view also su ggests that a symbolic match should exist mingled with the celebrity image and the brand image in order for the celebrity endorsement to be effective. Consumers with strong self-enhancement goals tend to form self-brand connections to brands used by aspiration groups, that is, groups for which the consumer wishes to become a member (Escalas and Bettman 2003). On the other hand, self-enhancers volition be more likely to reject brand associations created by a celebrity endorsement where the celebrity associations are rejected (i. . , a non-aspirational celebrity), compared to consumers who do not have active selfenhancement goals. Ohanian (1991) supports this definition but further stresses that for endorsement to be truly effective, celebrities chosen as endorsers should be Knowledgeable, experienced and adequate in order to be perceived as an expert in the category. Two models were originally identified to explain the process of celebrity endorsement.As an endorser, one has to f ulfill all the FRED objectives (Rajesh Lalwani, 2006), namely, Familiarity (target market is aware of him, dumbfounds him friendly, good-hearted and trustworthy) relevance (which says that there should be a link between the endorser and the product as well between the endorser and the audience) Esteem (credibility to the mass) Differentiation (in all his projections, he is seen to be one among the masses, and yet he towers above them. He is different).The use of celebrity endorsement advertising has become an ever-present indication in modern advertising. These days, its nearly impracticable to surf the Internet, open a novelspaper or magazine, or watch television without seeing a celebrity selling something, whether its cars, phones, medications, cosmetics, jewellery, clothing or even mutual coin and sports apparel. However, the use of celebrity in advertising is not a new phenomenon in Ghana in relation to advertisement it has been around for several(prenominal) years.Certai n persons in the past recognized celebrity endorsement and mute the importance of linking celebrities to brands, even before this was recognized as an important marketing communications tool e. g. To promote his fashion clothing house La Maison Worth, he sought a high society lady and an influencer of the court fashions, Princess Von Metternich, wife of the then Austrias ambassador to France and close friend of naps wife Empress Eugenie.This celebritys patronage and connection with La Maison Worth, contributed immensely to the success and status of this couture house, as the some influential in the world at its time. Since then, there has been an intricate relationship to peoples identity in such a way in that celebrities are often viewed as a useful endorsement in transferring and communicating the meanings and symbols of a brand image to the general public. Nowadays Companies invest large sums of money to array their brands and themselves with endorsers.Such endorsers are seen as dynamic with both attractive and likeable qualities (Atkin and Block, 1983), and companys plan that these qualities are transferred to products via marcom activities (Langmeyer & Walker, 1991a, McCracken, 1989). Furthermore, because of their fame, celebrities serve not exclusively to create and maintain attention but also to achieve high recall rates for marcom messages in todays highly cluttered environments (Croft et al, 1996, Friedman and Friedman, 1979). Some brands mint reject celebrity endorsement outright and emerge in a better off position than their rivals.The celebritys role is the most explicit and profound in incarnating user associations among the above mentioned points. To understand this, it prat be analyze by the multiplier effect formula for a successful brand S=P * D * AV Where S is a Successful Brand P is an Effective Product D is Distinctive Identity AV is Added Values Celebrity endorsements cannot replace the comp brand building processes. As Branding evo lves as a illuminate companies must be extra cautious to utilize every potential channel of communication rather than just a celebrity endorsement.This so could be said that when all other steps in the branding process is followed and implemented, then channels such as celebrity endorsements can provide the cutting edge as it did for Nike and Accenture endorsement romance with tiger woods until the resent scandal when Accenture redrew its endorsement. What Nike and Accenture did was to use celebrity endorsement as one of the main channels of communicating their brands to a highly focus set of customers. So, Accenture and Nikes association with Tiger Woods was one of the move of an ntire branding process that they have been practicing consistently. There are several thousands of examples of celebrity endorsements, majority of these were mostly very expensive e. g. Italian luxury brand Versace has used music icon Madonna and Hollywood stars Demi Moore and Halle Berry in its print adverts between 2005 and 2006. Also West Africas communication freak Glo telecommunication uses most musical sensations such as Samini, Sarkodie, and Asem and other photograph stars such as Nadia Buari etc. as the celebrities to endorse their services.Businesses organizations have vast sought to distract and attract the attention of potential customers that live in a world of ever-increasing commercial bombardment. Everyday consumers are exposed to thousands of voices and images in magazines, newspapers, and on billboards, websites, radio and television. It has been estimated that about 20% of U. S. ads feature celebrities (Solomon 2009), and the percent of advertisement using celebrities in other countries, such as Japan, is thought to be even higher. Specific Objectives of the researchObjective of this study is to reveal and re-establish the confident(p) impact of celebrity endorsement on brand image and find out the most prominent factors this play in the key role in the suc cess of an endorsement. To explore the link between brands and the consumer psyche and to unwrap how a model which can help any brand to trace the critical key areas to concentrate on while going for any celebrity endorsement. Furthermore, the objective of the research is to understand the impact of these celebrity endorsed advertisements, on the evaluation of product after purchase