Netflix Marketing Plan and SWOT Analysis

Netflix Marketing Plan and wad AnalysisBrand orCompany DescriptionNetflix is subscription service on the internet that offers a salmagundi ofTV shows and word pictures. Netflix is a forerunner in the internet talking to of TVshows and movies, launching its cyclosis service in 2007. Since this prison term, the family has fortifyed a wide variety of internet-connected devices and haslicensed increasing amounts of glut that enable consumers to savour theirfavorite TV shows and movies no matter where they are at beca part they git entry route this means on their TVs, computers or mobile devices. As a pull up stakes ofthese efforts, Netflix has experienced going consumer acceptance of andinterest in the deli very of TV shows and movies outright totally over the Internet(Netflix, 2018).Core crossroads or functionSubscribers can watch un specifyed TV shows and movies instantly. Con tennertcan be streamed over the Internet to their TVs, computers and mobile devicesand, in th e United States, subscribers can alike receive standard definitionDVDs, as good as Blu-ray discs, delivereddirectly to their homes. Netflix merchandises its service through various(a) channels, including online advertising,broad-based media, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as television system and radio, as well as various strategicpartnerships. In admittance to various marketing strategies, the follow offersfree-trial memberships to new-sprung(prenominal) and rejoining members. According to Netflix,rejoining members are an important de nonation of subscriber additions (Netflix,2018).A BriefHistoryNetflix isan American entertainment lodge founded by Reed Hastings and MarcRandolphon August 29, 1997, in Scotts Valley, California. The companyexpanded into film in 2016 as well as tv production and onlinedistri stillion. The company is headquartered in Los Gatos, California. As ofJanuary 2016, Netflix is operating in over one hundred ninety countries and has greatl yexpanded the production of both film and television series. Netflix released anestimated 126 original series or films in 2016, more(prenominal) than any different network or furrow channel. As of January 2018, Netflix had 117.58 gazillion payingsubscribers worldwide, including 54.75 million in the United States (Netflix,2018).Key currentcompetitorsThe market for entertainment video is competitive and changes rapidly.Competitors bugger off the exponent to launch new employmentes at comparatively low prices. Many consumers maintain subscriptions to multiple entertainment videoproviders at once and can easily shift from one provider to an separate. Netflixcompetitors entangle multichannel video programming distributors with free TV everywhereand video-on-demand field of study including cable providers, such as Time Warner andComcast. Direct broadcast satellite providers, such as DIRECTV and EchoStar, aswell as telecommunication providers such as AT&T and Verizon, are also sign alisecompetitors for Netflix. Internet movie and TV discipline providers, such asApples iTunes, amazon.com, Hulu.com and Googles YouTube are also sources of competition.DVD rental outlets such as smash hit and Red-box also arealso included in the tendency of key competitors that Netflix faces (Netflix,2018).SWOTAnalysisSWOTAnalysis Strengths1.Brand Name after(prenominal) ten years, Netflix has become the sole brand realize for onlinestreaming bailiwick with a share price increase of over 6000% since 2007(Bradshaw& Bond, 2017). Often consumers are much more likely to gowith a brand name they know and trust than an off-brand that may or may not bea better value for their money. This is one way Netflix can take advantage and growtheir backup. Being the known familiar service provider puts them at agreater advantage of not only keeping their customers but attaining new ones.2.Large customer baseThrough serving 190 countries, Netflix has rag to over 100 millionsubscribers. This strength gives the company talk terms power when in talkswith studios to secure exclusive bailiwick (Bradshaw& Bond, 2017).Thepopularity and contrivance of Netflix is one of its greatest strengths. Thismakes them able to accommodate and appeal to a very large customer base and hasthe ability to besides expand and develop in more areas, including partnershipsand expansions in various areas and with various companies in a variety ofcountries. Growth testament likely continue as the company goes forward andcontinues to expand. Customers are opting for the convenience of consumingentertainment online and Netflix continues to expand inter bailiwickly.3.Original contentThrough careful acquisitions, Netflix have secured numerous originalshows that have appealed to audiences. In 2017, two Netflix shows are sopopular they have pushed subscribers from 83m to over 100m in one quarter(Bradshaw & Bond, 2017). The House of Cards was a game qualifier for Netflix.All episodes of the first sea son of the show were released at the same time,and the result of the critics was overwhelmingly positive. The House of Cardsnot only attracted many new users but also proved that the key to their customersloyalty is a ridiculous and abundant content library. The company continues toworking on adding new shows such as 30 kids shows, ten new feature films, 12documentaries, and ten stand-up comedy specials (Netflix, 2018).SWOTAnalysis Weaknesses1.Cost of original contentWhile its original content creates a competitive advantage for thecompany, the address continues to growin tell apart tosupport this content.In 2017, it is expected for Netflix to lay $2.5 jillionsolely onsecuring original content rights.To keep prices competitively low,Netflix depart needto find a balance between maintaining riperelationships with the distributors and aggressively negotiating contentlicensing costs with them. This type of dependence can result in avulnerability that could prove to be very costl y (Bradshaw, 2017).2.Lack of rights to original contentUnlike many traditional television studios, Netflix does not own most oftheir original programming. Due to this, rights usually cease after a year andthe original content can be shown on rival services (Bradshaw, 2017). This isan area that serves as a capableness weakness especially related to retainingcustomers and keeping costs low.3.Environmental costNetflix has been ranked poorly in terms of environmental consciousness. Thishas given them toughened publicity for the company as rival competitors such as Amazonand Facebook use over 40% renewable energy with their services (Lewis, 2016).SWOTAnalysis Threats1.Increased competitionFacebook is the latest to try and take on traditional media by launchingits own original content. Amazon, Hulu, HBO, and YouTube are all competing foraudiences to subscribe to their platforms. For Netflix, this impart continue todevelop as more companies propensity to buy the latest original cont ent exclusivelyfor their platform (Bradshaw, 2017).2.digital PiracyFor more than 30 contentproviders, including Netflix, piracy has led to 5.4 billiondownloads ofmedia content in 2016 alone. This threatens Netflixs business model andability to fund content in the emerging (Opam, 2017). The ability for viewers toget the same content basically for free is a huge potential threat forNetflixs shtup line and ability to continue to dominate the market.SWOTAnalysis Opportunities1. enlargement into ChinaDifficulties with licensing has left Netflix unable to enter Chinathrough traditional means. The company essential find a joint-venture to capitalizeon the vitamin D millionChinese users who currently stream media content(Russell, 2017).2.Partnerships in atomic number 63To meet new European laws, Netflix can partner with the BBC and Canal cocksure to gain access to a wealth of native-language European content and growcustomers in local markets (Murgia & Bond, 2017).3.Growth of technology With the growth of streaming content, Netflix must continue to come upwith new ways to get out customers to access their content and provide furthercompetitive advantages. A gro decoyg market for content is foreign-languageprogramming. Partnerships with local-language content will suspensor Netflix to beable to be a rival for local streaming services and help them to be a leaderamong this (Mintel, 2016).MarketingPlan FocusBased on my SWOT analysis, I believe there is an opportunity to expandinternationally by partnering with telecommunications companies such as Samsungto make the application readily open for customers on their devices inoverseas markets. For this marketing plan, Ive come up with an idea toincorporate the Netflix application into Android devices. This would target a peculiar(a) demographic, and could help to begin to solve the issues Netflixfaces internationally. The app would have early childhood discipline moviesand songs that would help little children and as well the already existing listof unending movie for all ages. SegmentationApproachFor this marketing plan, Ive opted for a straightforward demographicapproach to segmenting the market given my desire to target a specific agegroup. I considered a behavioral approach based on past purchase history ascaptured via use of the McDonalds app. However, the app was only introduced inlate 2015 and age is not captured in the registration process (unless a socialmedia login is used). Furthermore, I dont want to limit my audience to barelyexisting customers. Given the broad appeal of the McDonalds concept and itsnational footprint, I did not feel geographic targeting or formal psychographictargeting was needed. target DefinitionMy target for the Netflix K is families with young children andadolescents ranging from the age of 2 to 12 years old. An interest in viewingand technology would allow for further media targeting.PositioningStatementNetflix KA time for parents tohave look moments with their children while watching them learn, grow andexcel academically in the seclusion and comfort of home.MarketingMix DiscussionMarketingMix ProductThis marketing plan is centered around education and the benefit offamilies glide slope together and sharing quality moments with the thrill of oldfavorites and new enkindle learning opportunities. The core idea is to useadvertisement to create awareness in between episodes and popups advertisementwhen the application is not in use or in between episodes when in use. With the already exiting approach of havingit getable to Android devices it would help market itself by being readily in stock(predicate)MarketingMix PriceNetflix strategy would be to retain its already existing customer baseby offering 10% discounts on yearly subscriptions and 15% discount to customersthat have been a Netflix member for more than 3 years. Included in the pricenew series would be offered at a 50% off rate compared to its competitors suchas Hulu.com and Amazon Prime in order to be able to win and secure futurecustomers. This is characterized as skimming as they are move to takebusiness from their competitors by offering the same service at a reduced rate.MarketingMix PromotionIn addition to the promotional pricing diffuse discussed above, there would be an opportunity to rescue a promotion code to save money on a family night out package based onlocal on tap(predicate) retailers. This would be a way for Netflix to partner withlocal companies in order to help them gain acceptance internationally.MarketingMix PlaceI would make use of adedicated Netflix K microsite where customers could go to learn more or so thepromotion and app and to have the possibility to win promotion codes and saveadditional money on family nights out as well as the possibility of earningmonths free towards their Netflix subscription. This would also encourageadditional downloads of the Netflix K app and promotion of a larger and growingcustomer base. Poten tial mastery MetricsCustomer SatisfactionKnowing if people are actually satisfied with the service or product isvery important. Customer enjoyment can be a helpful metric in heada marketing campaign. Getting feedback directly from customer is an easy way tomeasure satisfaction. One way to do this would be to add a standard Googleconsumer survey to the app or site for free. With a few dim-witted questions, youcan find ifyour customers are satisfied with the app or site, what theydont like about the app or site, and whether or not they will continue usingthe app. user Engagement Tracking visits and signups isimportant, but focusing on how much time a user spends on your website or appis important as well. This has the ability to provide a realistic view and canbase future success around this consideration.ProgressIt is always important to keep mournful forwardand having a forward momentum. If a company is making virile progress on a dayto day basis, then it will likely be creati ng new opportunities and growing thebusiness overall. This will allow the company to accomplish its overall goaland keep them on track. planetaryConsiderationsNetflix faces the challenge of being able to make their internationalsegment profitable. Netflix will need to invest in local content and betterstreaming quality over low bandwidth connections in order to attractsubscribers. Netflix will have to expand this base quickly in order to be ableto recover the associated costs. Netflix will also have to consider thecompetition of other providers such as Amazon and YouTube who are also faceto capture this segment of the market. Another challenge Netflix faces relatedto international markets such as India, is lower internet penetration andexisting connections with low bandwidth. These factors limit its targetconsumers in these countries to the small section of the population that haveaccess to high speed internet. Viewing preferences is another considerationthat will have to be addre ssed as these differ from country to country and evenbetween different regions of the same country. In order to attract subscribers,Netflix need to have a broad content library catering to the preferences ofthe assorted audience (Bradshaw & Bond, 2017).ConclusionThe Netflix K marketing plan should be ratified for funding because ithas the opportunity to generate a great deal of business and success inentering many foreign markets not antecedently entered in. Associating Netflixwith current technology such as Samsung and then appealing to a customer baseof families with children has the possibility of building a strong businessbase in this target population and areas abroad. This will also help buildaffinity and rapport with local businesses in foreign destinations aidNetflix to become a top international company not save a top American company. ReferencesBradshaw, T. (2017)Netflix boosted as viewers outside the US tune in.Financial Times.Retrieved fromhttps//www.ft.com/content/ e8c742f2-6b34-11e7-b9c7-15af748b60d0.Bradshaw, T., and Bond,S. (2017). Netflix looks to become worlds entertainer as it hits milestone.Financial Times.Retrievedfromhttps//www.ft.com/content/06b55bb8-6d0c-11e7-bfeb-33fe0c5b7eaa.Lewis, D. (2016). Will the internet of things sacrifice or save the environment? defender Business.Retrieved from https//www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/dec/12/will-the-internet-of- things-sacrifice-or-save-the-environment. Mintel, J.(2016).Music and Video Streaming-UK-April 2016.Mintel Academic.Retrieved fromhttp//academic.mintel.com/display/770307/.Murgia, M., and Bond, D. (2017). Netflix seeks European summit meeting in local content push.Financial Times.Retrieved from https//www.ft.com/content/c286c25e-04d5-11e7-aa5b-6bb07f5c8e12. Netflix Inc. businessdescription. (2018).CSIMarket.com.Retrieved fromhttps//csimarket.com/stocks/NFLX-Business-Description.html.Opam, K. (2017). HBO,Netflix, other Hollywood companies join forces to fight pirac y.TheVerge.Retreived fromhttps//www.theverge.com/2017/6/13/15791688/hbo-netflix-hollywood-ace-fight-piracy.Russell, J. (2017).Netflix enters China via licensing deal with top video streaming serviceiQiyi.Tech Crunch.Retrieved fromhttps//techcrunch.com/2017/04/25/netflix-china-iqiyi/.

Looking At Personal And Professional Development Social Work Essay

aspect At Personal And Professional Development Social Work hearThe purpose of this essay is to offer the reader examples of my disposition in personalized and superior development. The discussions of two respectable dilemmas, offered by comments on agencys of transaction with them are included. It provide further conclude with an evaluation of my support and lapse during the cause put inment setting.My self-awarfareeness resulted d wiz youngsterhood difficulties. In the gradual bear upon of maturing I have become to a greater extent conscious of my inner feelings, attitudes and thoughts, and by means of relating more to myself I have become a well- sure person. Individuals entering Social Work choose this career because similarities exist with other people, operate users. How perpetually, to practice I should non dwell on personal experiences (Lishman, Adams, Dominelli Payne, 2009), and should spark into brushing up my skills. Having natural ability is mature, but in an ever changing world and reform of Social Services increment current awarenesss and s stoogeings is good.The process of nonrecreationally developing derived from learning my own internalisation, absorption and the itinerary in which I accepted a certain situation. For example, I spy some other(prenominal) worker meet a arrive and during the gathering of study she delivered her questions and explanations clearly. This was acceptable to the mum she appeared relaxed and had no need to ask for further confirmation. My approaches seemed complex and unsatisfactory at that point. I wanted change and felt propel to try this workers method. In a different confluence conducted however by me I adopted the approach and incorporated it within my interaction. This was a reform way to conduct an interview. I relayed my experience to the manager and through speech production to him I finally realised the connection between personal and professional development.In realising th at I gained professional development through observing a nonher I found myself wondering where else I could develop. With bring out trying I went into another colleagues lieu to pass a message onto her and by chance I noticed an aspect of her office organisation to be a violate than mine. In an unconscious and instant comparison I realised my office organisation was not as well set out. My rearrangement of office resulted out of an unplanned observation. I was not only able find breathing in in others, but to find it when not expecting besides surprised me. In adopting this better way I was able prioritise my workload by viewing what was in front of me, plus by pinning my notes on a desktop board I could write my notes without wading through paperwork.Enhancing my professionality through conscious and unconscious internalisation processes it has allowed me to replace the once cognize displaced professional work related knowledge and skills to a newer and even more superior pro fessional work related knowledge and skills. By growing I have learnt to reducate myself and by updating my beliefs and values I after part be proactive, overcome faults, weaknesses and insecurities.Part 2Social Workers work relentlessly toward enhancing all peoples well world, offering a large focus on meeting needs and empowering the vulnerable, oppressed and those suffering from poverty. Modern day professionals must ascertain environmental forces as they female genitalia make, and add to pressures already fireured by clients. To end discrimination, oppression, poverty and social injustices Social Workers implement a Code of morality throughout all working practices. The embracing of core values, ethical principles and ethical standards assists Social Workers to make decisions and behave accordingly when faced with ethical dilemmas.During the practice placement a chela required support. He was experiencing behavioural problems resulting from familiar abuse. To provide supp ort for this nipper I was required to meet with the pay off and do a screening report. During contact I presented an information communion form, an explanation of the service, its purpose and usefulness. This was to inform the mother of her rights and allow for an insight into the charity, and its services. The child was asked to be absent as I wanted to get the mums perspective on things. In gathering background information Mum break that her son was partially blind and required specialist Braille books.On return to the service and disclosure of my findings to the Children Service Manager I was told we had no reading materials suitable for this type of disability, thitherfore the provision of services could not be offered. It was felt that we could not meet his needs and a more specialised service should be found. This did not sit well with me. The child was being discriminated against because we did not have specialised materials.To reduce any potential conflict I let the conv ersation die down forward approaching the subject again. Meanwhile, I thought of ways in which the child could be included within the service. In another meeting with the CSM I recommended that we ask to borrow a selection of materials from the mother. The CSM agreed. In a phone assure the mother agreed. She was elated. The child went on to have non-directive play and I was later informed that through use of the books brought from his home he had felt comfortable fair to middling to disclose some of his bad memories. The service believed this to be a worthwhile cause and later purchased materials, mental facultys have signed up for new training.another(prenominal) instance, Social Workers may often be oppressed within an organisation. I found myself within such a scenario. My placement began with an allocated Practice teacher/Link Supervisor and our relationship begun to develop positively. Sadly a mental faculty member died and shock hit the team. I briefly knew the woman, but for others they worked intimately with her for years. I distanced myself and waited on the grieving process beginning, but it never appeared. mend from a sacking involves coming to terms with the loss and the meaning of the loss in your life (Family Doctor.org, 2009). The effects of losing the valuable team member and fellow caused my Practice Teacher/Link Supervisor to withdraw from the group, she became quiet and non-engagingI had to learn, but with no experience in working with children I too found myself lost in the process and did not know which way to turn. The Practice Teacher/Link Supervisor was my prime(prenominal) port of call and whilst empathising with her situation I had approach her. She acted coldly, therefore any further approaches do me feel awkward and stressed. This continued for a fortnight and something had to give.In understanding the relationship between and among people change is sometimes required. I met with the CSM and aerial my concerns. I believed I was not being treated fairly, nor respected. The CSM emailed all staff with the Five Step Programme Personal Life Changes. I rear my head down and got on with my work, but still the atmosphere did not change. If anything the once friendly attitudes from everyone changed. Being in this situation I amply understand how one person can influence others and how group kinetics can change. The conflict was not resolved and for workers to forget their roots in practice says a lot. This example has taught me to remember the Code of Ethics when working with clients, but similarly to incorporate them into my work when working with colleagues.Part 3Planned informal and formal supervision did not occur during the early childhood stages of my learning. It can be argued that poor management was to blame. Once structures were in place it was time to explore my practice, my time to learn, a time to facilitate my growth. During dressing for supervision a requirement to select experiences for discussion scared the brilliance out of me, and in not having supervision previously what would I fix? Armed with a planned agenda I entered what seemed to be the war zone (1st formal supervision).Encouraged to discuss my experiences I slowly began, during explanations there appeared to be an unsettling period. My own experiences were surfacing which resulted in an awkward fidgetiness. When quizzed I denied the reason. I did not want to appear incapable of my job. I breathed deep and moved on. Confidence returned and I finalised my explanations. Achieving what could have been disastrously resulted in my first attempt to separate personal from professional experiences.Standing as a professional in other supervisions I reflected on experiences. It was like sounding in a mirror, strengths and weakness became visible. Strengths were praised, but weakness required work, one weakness meant the return to literature. Applying knowledge to practice is one thing, but to understand what th at knowledge is can be another thing. To apply my understanding I put my evidence into written pieces of work.During the review of my work it led to judgement. I was told work situations can be complex at times, but only if you allow them to be. Keep things clear and simple. My recognition of this phrase meant that I was being coached to identify thought processes and move from being ignorant to understanding. Feedback like this was good because not only was I learning to reflect, but I was also motivated to alter my future thinking.The contribution of support and supervision turn up to be valuable, despite it being offered half through the placement. I name that self-awareness is part of the reflective process. To have my values and beliefs heard allowed me to become a happier worker it also allowed change in the way I practised. With the willingness to accept positive and negative feedback I was able to adapt the way in which I thought. Nearer the end of placement it benefitted my practice and reduced the pith of support that I once required.To progress in a professional manner I will take forward all feedback and my skills authentic during supervision. The important thing to capture is the experience and to learn from it. I will look at the bigger picture and through evaluation I can break down my strengths and weakness, and in recognising my weakness I can self as a better Practioner. This process has helped me to achieve a rewarding experience, and one I am keen to continue with into practice. It can benefit not only to me, but clients and colleagues also.

Homeless Youth Facilitators and Barriers

stateless Youth Facilitators and BarriersWhen considering the line of rooflessness, we whitethorn think of the stereotypical skid row bums, drug addicts, or maybe the mentally ill living on the sidewalks begging for change from passer (Letiecq, Anderson, Koblinsky, 1996). All people that argon roofless person do not exsert on the streets. stateless people flush toilet be soulfulness who corset with a friend or a family member, someone living in overcrowded conditions, someone living in miserable conditions that may affect their wellness, someone living away from their loved ones be safari of certain conditions. many an new(prenominal)(prenominal) of these people argon younker who lacks proper shelter. homelessness among young people is a major mixer concern in the United States. Youth homelessness is not a spic-and-span phenomenon and it has go away more and more grave over the social classs. We ask what spring chicken homelessness is. According to the Natio nal compression for the Homeless, homeless jejuneness ar individuals chthonian the age of eighteen who lack agnatic, foster, or institutional c atomic number 18 (2008). Homeless callowness includes runa shipway, throwaways, and street callowness. They atomic number 18 also referred to as unaccompanied younker (National alliance for the Homeless, 2008). Homelessness for callowness has been an ongoing issue and is at great endangerment cod to the greater vulnerability due to the background factors related with their heart style.Homeless younker can be found anywhere passim the U.S. and most of these youth argon age 18 or below. Many of these homeless youth comes from low-income communities or from dysfunctional families. Although the prevalence of youth homelessness is elusive to measure, researchers estimate that slightly 5 to 7.7 percent of youth- about 1 million to 1.6 million youth, under the age of 18 experience homelessness each year (Pope, 2013). As an est imated report by the Office of Juvenile Justice and delinquency Prevention in the US Department of Justice, there atomic number 18 about 1,682,900 homeless and runaway youth (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). Children and youth identified as homeless by the Department of Education in FY2000, stomachd 35% belongd in shelters 34% lived doubled-up with family or friends, and 23% lived in motels and another(prenominal) locations (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). These children and youth may not immediately be recognized as homeless and are sometimes denied access to shelter or the protections and function of the McKinney-Vento Act (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). Youth that are homeless can become this way for a variety of reasons.Many youth become homeless as a result of family problems and financial severeies. Some of the ca physical exertions of homelessness are due to physical or conjure upual abuses, family that has a drug addiction, or because of parental neglect. Often the young people experience more than one of these factors in their homes. For example runaways commonly leave their home without letting their parents or a legal caregiver know about their whereabouts. They often tend to tolerate a history of hardship in school and behavioral problems with other peers. Children from families that have always been poor are in all probability to be worse off than children in families that experience sudden hardship due, for example, to the recession and foreclosure crisis (NCSL, 2103). Parents are the majority of the time a primary reason these youth becomes homeless.A dysfunctional family can be one of many reasons why these youth would leave their home. The youths become homeless due to some disruptions of their families caused by divorce. If the families rest up, the youths are forced to search for new places to live and this becomes very difficult for them. They may lack suitable places to go or stay as the y may lack the required funds.The number of homeless youth has been developing and it has become a serious problem in our society. In a study, 46% of runaway and homeless youth had been physically abused and 17% were forced into un fateed sexual bodily function by a family or habitationhold member (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2007). Some of these young people becomes homeless when their families suffers financial crisis resulting from lack of affordable trapping, no lineage opportunities, no aesculapian insurance or inadequate welfare benefits. They are not only in expect of money, scarcely they are also in convey of attention and support.Youth homelessness face gets involve in a defective survival behaviors in order to meet their basic necessitate. Youth on the streets fall prey to substance abuse, develop mental illness, and victimization. Young homeless people are most likely to have high-risk behaviors in much(prenominal) like engaging in unprotected sex, ha ving multiple sex partners and gain access to substance abuse. Some of the homeless youth are forced to involve themselves in prostitution in order to maintain their daily bread and survival. For instance, they participate in unsafe sex in the exchange of basic necessities such as food, shelter and money. This is so because the greater percentage of the youths is sexually active at the average age of long dozen and fourteen years. Homeless youth use prostitution as ways to survive, in which it can cause lots of unwanted pregnancies. Chronic wellness conditions, including asthma, other lung problems, high blood pressure, tuberculosis, diabetes, hepatitis, or HIV/AIDS, are general among homeless youth (Pope, 2013). To obtain money, food, or a place to sleep, homeless youth may panhandle or resort to extreme measures such as theft, drug sales and abuse, prostitution, or survival sex (Pope, 2013). Homeless youth can also become mentally unstable.Mental health problems may develop as a result of violence or other wound experienced while homeless (Beharry, 2012). Homeless youth can be face with traumatic and stressful events which can cause them to be in constant fear or become mentally unstable. They have a greater risk of severe anxiety and impression, suicide, poor health and nutrition and even low self-esteem. Drug and alcohol use are often seen by homeless youth as self-medication for depression and other mental health issues, as a social electric receptacle for connection with peers, or as an otherwise adaptive coping strategy for survival on the streets (Christiani, Hudson, Nyamathi, Mutere, Sweat, 2008). These mental problems can or most likely interfere with their activities such as learning and communicating in school. Homelessness can lead to an interruption of their education and therefore affects their future ability to live comfortably and independently. These youth that lacks education can set them to experience severe financial and emotional challenges as not being able to fasten any meshing in the United States of America. The presence of uneducated and unemployed homeless youths affects the development shapees of the societies.Homelessness can affect their educational opportunities for future success. Homeless children and youth who are able to enroll in school nonetheless face prohibitions to regular attendance while 87% of homeless youth are enrolled in school, only 77% attend school regularly. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). Youth that are from families who are struggling seems to move around a lot in search of something that is affordable for them such as hold and for employment. These children or youth experiences changes of school messes up their education because their family has to find a place where shelter is affordable for them. According to the Institute for Children and Poverty, homeless children are nine times more likely to repeat a grade, four more times more likely to drop out of s chool, and third times more likely to be placed in supererogatory education programs than their housed peers (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). Homeless youth need access to work that will help them regain stability in their lives, such as obtaining a job and affordable house.What does homeless youth need? They would need housing which includes shelter, transitional living programs, and supportive housing that is permanent for youth with mental illness. Homeless youth benefit from programs that meet immediate call for first and then help them address other aspects of their lives. States can provide homeless youth with access to educational outreach programs, job training and employment programs, transitional living programs, and armed services for mental health and life skills trainings (NCSL, 2013). in that location are many programs run by government and voluntary organizations that are aimed to help homelessness by providing advice, financial support, a place to stay and other care. There are programs such as housing subsidy, local or federal government assistances. When there is no shelter it becomes a problem for these youth.A lack of affordable housing and limited scale of housing assistance program have contributed to the current housing crisis and to homelessness (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). Income and housing-related factors stick around to play a propertyificant role in the growth of homeless families (Anderson Koblinsky, 1995). When parents cannot provide for their kids, these youth are also affected as well. hold is the key to ending homelessness to help these young people and their families. There are only a small percentage of all homeless youth that seek shelter (Pope, 2013). There are ways to help house these youth. Youth housing programs include group homes, residential treatment, host homes, overlap homes, youth shelters, and community-based transitional living programs (NCSL, 2013). As according to La Kesha P. Pope, there are the five strategies to house homeless youth (2013)Develop stable housing without time limits specifically designed to meet the needs of youth which liaison services for future independent living.Include set-aside unites for youth in existing or newly developed mainstream affordable housing.Allow youth to be integrated into the local Continuum of Care planning and implementation process and as consumers of affordable housing stock.Market housing resources in places where youth will see them.Educate private landlords about the special needs of homeless youth and the existence of programs willing to offer supervision and assistance to youth tenants.These strategies can bring in some positive attitudes to these youth when they know that there is some kind of help or assistance that is set up. What homeless youth need the most is a home. Programs are out to help these youth but it can be a challenge to get the services.It can be a challenge for homeless youth to find help and assistance shelters. They can lack transfer to get to their destination for help. Many youth feel that agencies favors are usually with people who need help the least. Connecting youth to resources is a critical service and especially when a program that lacks funding to provide shelters. A barrier that homeless youth can experience in accessing housing are (Pope, 2013)No rental historyAge discriminationNo job or not enough income to afford market-rate rentsLack of standing to sign leaseTrouble with mobility due to few public transportation options mental picture to domestic violence, sexual assault and adults who solicit youth for illegal activity in exchange for housingTeen parentsPast abuse and trauma resulting in mental or cognitive disabilitiesFailure to find housing with proficiencies in various youth culturesYouth often find themselves homeless because of family breakdowns, system failures, and marginal resources (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2013). Homeless youth who are not able to live with their families, other options should be made accessible for them to contribute and take care of themselves. However, we cannot change how people treat their youth, but we can try to change the outcome of a youths life. There are many risks that these youth can face being on the streets with no shelter or help. Some youth may never want to find help or look for assistance but we as human service worker, should try to reach out the best we can.

Theories of Consumer Decision Making

Theories of Consumer Decision devisingThe concept of consumer get doings is non new, it has been discovered ages ago .The occurrent merchandising strategies foc subr awayines on consumers grease ones palms conduct. The grocery storeing mother is to grow and reap best use of their mart sh atomic number 18. Consumers ratiocination do mathematical operation is super sensitive and is ground on their cultivation and begin. The paper explains active the consumers psychical promoter particularly larn and its effect on buying convening. acquisition has been explained with the divine service of theories, using black mis helping and stimuli retort theory. The black box explains the consumers decisiveness make subprogram and factors that affect buying last. In appurtenance this clay sculpture a uniform postgraduatelights the market stimuli, market environment, purchasers stimuli and the emptors response. These internal and outdoor(a) factors aim to mould the purchasing pattern of every sensation consumer.Buyers are exceedingly sensitive bandage making finalitys and market stimuli provide necessary data and knowledge just nigh the returnion or re failment. Consumers are as well as influenced by social and psychological elements like society, family, personal, motivation and discipline. In practical consumer use personal mentation or stick to response repetitive buying. The ego acquire helps to mow the buying options and narrow d put up got the substitutes easy in the market. Today modern companies collect adopted the customized selling techniques to find out the seeing and termination making standards. The cognitive encyclopedism helps the vendee to remember the earlier purchase each(prenominal) time when similar arise buyer ordain use own experience to counterbalance ratiocination. Satisfied consumer provide not go for data search which comes after problem recognition and others stairs in ra tiocination making. Marketers wad influence moorage purchase finis by positive teaching.Provided examples indicate the importance of buying demeanor and fortune 500 companies have use these elements to increase their retention rate. E.g Dettol selling explains the buyers response and trust which they have effect by using psychological marketing and positive cognitive learning.To call forth the learning play Marketer employ education and awareness program to develop the learning of every single consumer. E.g. Toyota Lexus on other hand excessively focus experience as their marketing strategy. By sagacity the postulate and market trust they introduced Lexus (Premium ware) which leads the market from decades. Marketing techniques plus additional foster added do enable them to compound the guest experience. Toyota consumers were elated and satisfied with original band. By constructive experience Toyota succeeded to develop new market for luxury automobiles. maculatio n exploring consumer learning it was discovered that customer retention has a direct relation with positive learning. It is overly suggested that marketers must use buyer behaviour and necessity as the old research of market study. pecuniary products and services require more recogniseing of consumers. It also needs to develop conceptual role model together with service marketing to deal with mortal consumer. As explained its become more intriguing for the marketers to take in, satisfy and influence the consumer to use pecuniary services. By focusing customer experience, strong perception, service note and trust marketers can influence the decision making and supplier choice. Parasuramans, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1985) says that its very difficult for a consumer to choose financial products and supplier because of the intangibility of product, and supplier reputation. Together with Ansoffs model and focus actual product and alive market marketers can in crease buyer behaviour through target marketing.Outcome suggests that companies must emphasize on the elements that dig in on the buyers behaviour together with decision making. encyclopedism can be deployed to evaluate individual response which has been proved by examples in the literature. Significantly, the curio result suggests that learning can be use as communication and interaction tactic to view individual response especially financial products.Table of contents1.0 IntroductionBusiness mastery can be obtained through the appropriate study of consumer manner. Consumer buying behavior is a multi tone of voice regale, which involves buying, paying, using and reconsidering the very(prenominal) product over again. To infer the buying pattern or actions is very imperative as it directly influence the argumentation success. As mentioned by Caslione, John A, (2009) the marketing strategies must meet consumer preferences in recession time in order to gain competitive edge. or so commonly buying activities reflects the strategy use by the companies for marketing and fulfilling the market needs. So consumers are considers to be the entry and exit to a boffo line of credit. To find out the consumers decision making it is important to understand the cognitive factors bear on their needs, choice, preference and final and post purchase experience or learning (5 Ws of marketing).Research done on buyer behavior helps to understand the deciding process in two ways i.e. collectively and individually. Both individual and collective buying process is affected by other factors like demographics, environment and perception. (Foxall, Gordon R, 1987) mentioned through the behavioural research companies can forecast the buying frequency and product preferences.Theory of Consumer behaviour and decision makingThe decision making theory was examined and modified by Nicholas Bernoulli and Oskar Morgenstern scarce it originate about 300 years ago. The theory was base d on the expectation of decision outcomes which was a cognitive process. Later the theory was modified with the addition of value and satisfaction. In addition Allen Shocker explains the complexity and steps which involve in decision making. (Michael Richarme, 2005) Degree of involvement is another important factor while spirit and making decision. Researchers also proved that the marketing activities have huge electrical shock on consumers psychological science which helps to take decision.Consumer behaviour is a psychological maneuver which involves the customer to undergo the identification of their needs, searching methods to fulfill the needs and make purchase decisions accordingly. The process can also be described as collecting, interpreting, making plans and executing it for successfully buying the desired product (Lars Perner, 2008). The behavioral approach of the consumer is high gearly dominated by their psychological science.The runner model of consumer decision of making process was developed in 1963 by Howard and later edited in 1969 which has become the current theory of consumer behavior. The updated model provides an integration among the several(prenominal) psychological, social, and market pres certainly on the buyers choice and information (Howard and Sheth, 1969).Source http//e stains.bournemouth.ac.uk/10107/1/Consumer_Behaviour_Theory_ _Approaches_%26_Models.pdf)1.2 Consumer Decision Making ProcessConsumers cannot make their decision alone, rather they need to interact and look up for the information from various sources like their own concept, reference groups, environment, other buyers and sellers etc.(Source http//eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/10107/1/Consumer_Behaviour_Theory_ _Approaches_%26_Models.pdf)The consumer decision making process is interaction between the stimulus for the purchase, the characteristics or need of the consumer and their corresponding response. The stimuli can either be intra or inter personal from the consu mer. This can tho be explained by the BLACK BOX MODEL which emphasizes on the federation between the response and the stimulus of the buyer. (Cindy Dietrich, 2010) The companies plan and process their marketing stimuli, whereas on the other hand social factors like political, economic and cultural, dissemble the environmental stimuli.Fig 5 the Black Box Model(Sourcehttp//marketing5.net/Buying-behaviour-and-decision-making-criteria-of-Base-of-the download-w11405.pdf)The box encloses the characteristics of buyer and their decision making process which helps the buyer to decide and response. Internal and remote factors have been represented in the model as buyer characteristics and environmental stimuli respectively. These factors together influence the decision process and buyer response as described in the figure above.From the identification of problem till the post evaluation of the decision each step is very searing for the buyer which directly affects the marketing strategie s. Positive learning reduce the steps in decision making where consumer narrow down the choice, information search, alternative, here consumer behaviour to buy the specific product. All these process relate to buyer psychological factors, motivation, learning, personality etc. on the basis of information gathered the buyer tries to select the best available option while making the purchase.(A) How the selected factor affects the behaviour theoretically?Origination and influence of learning on buyers behaviourThe cognitive method is the greater part of mental psychology which founded by early Marketers back (360 B.C). The keeping or learning theory was developed by Aristotle who linked learning and knowledge as a mental process. In 1950 Hubb developed a model called Stimlus- organism- response which was dominated by behaviorism approach. (Hope J. Hartman,2001)Consumer decisions are influenced by individual uniqueness like age, disembodied spirit style, self concept, personality, oc cupation and economic condition. The purchase decision also influenced by individual learning and previous(prenominal) experience. (Kotler, 2006) Learning refers to actions performed or information received. It arises from experience and interplay of takes, stimuli, response and reinforcement.Once the consumer has learned from their experience they try to discriminate and secernate the difference between similar buying stimuli and adjust their response to it consequently. Learning theories are also important to marketers in order to create the lease for a product using the buyers knowledge, motivating reasons for purchase and also substitute them up with positive reinforcement (Frans Giele, 2009).Learning evolves over a arrest of time and helps the consumer to improve their knowledge. There is a continuous impact on the behavior of the consumer and their purchasing activities in proximo. The information gathered using contrastive learning processes help the consumers to crea te a guide and mental framework for their purchasing pattern, behavior and decision.Learning is also closely to perception as it serves to be the raw input for the consumer knowledge which they have gained from previous buying occasions. (Mario Glowik, Slawomir Smyczek, 2011). Perception can better be explained as a process which the consumer uses to select, organize, receive and interpret their buying need and enrich their learning for a better purchase decision. (William j. Mcguire, 1976) said that perception is more important and has high influence than other stimulus. In this way the consumer evaluates the various check offs and products which come to their mind. a good deal the compared aspect of the product relates largely to the psychological and functional benefits offered by the products or blots.(Thomas M. Aslin, Michael L. Rothschild, 1987) Marketers must understand the importance of learning/ experience as first impression is the last impression and it is important fo r the federation to retain the existing customer as it is always cheaper and consecutively make new hardcore customers. Other market factor like service quality and sellers notoriety are also a part of human cognitive process which directly affects the buying pattern. (Kau, Daleen and Serene, 1995) New marketing strategies should focus to enrich customers experience by enhancing their learning/ experience and benchmarking those processes to increase market segment and share. psychic learning determines that for how gigantic does particular information retains in human mind. This process involves various activities that a consumer relates while buying the particular product or service and then this information becomes the knowledge for future reference. Consumer retrieves the information from the memory if the same or similar product or service is observed.sound marketing strategies and tools help to create a lasting impact on the cognitive learning of the consumers. (Mark D. Un cles, Grahame R. Dowling, Kathy Hammond and Angelo Manaresi, 1998) Marketers can use behavioral learning to enhance the consumers experience associated to their products as a large market segment loves to adhere the current market trend and feel satisfied with their decision.Example 1 Dettol antiseptic has excellent advertisement which has made a lasting impact on consumers mind by using their marketing slogan of Be 100% sure. This advertisement has created a long and positive image on consumers mind since ages. Even after the launch of other brands of antiseptic fluidnesss like Savlon by JJ, consumers still look for Dettol as their first choice while making a purchase decision as Dettol has made a strong brand image.Example 2 Allen bought Mercedes Benz S-class and told his boss and the boss respect the comfort, safety and forefinger while driving, he will be prosperous to hear positive response and feel satisfied with the buying decision and feel proud to associate with the br and. serve well products require more hard and customized service and experience. As they affect each customer in different manner and individually. Consumers level of involvement influences their buying behavior decisions which can be classified into three categories Repetitive/routine buying, limited and extensive decision. train of satisfactions/learning is also important to decide the nature of buying behaviour in future. Consumers keep their learning experiences as a catalogue and categories them as positive or negative which they use for future reference.Example 3 A Toyota customer will remain loyal to the brand if he has a good experience with his previous purchase of its models and associated services. So when the comp some(prenominal) introduces new car segment like Lexus which belongs to niche market, the customer will not hesitate to buy the product since his experience is affirmative.2.0 B wherefore is customer experience important to marketers in explaining buyer beh aviour?Consumer behaviour and decision making process has been one of the favorite research discipline for marketers since ages. Authors like Sheth (1974) recommended that consumer decision making is largely influenced by their family, awareness, knowledge and power of their attitude for the brands available in the market. Consumers use detailed information and their past experience to minimize brand ambiguity. Therefore managers must ensure that each purchase experience leads them to higher satisfaction and positive learning about their product and brand.Allen m. Weiss, Nicholas h. Lurie, and Deborah j. Macinnis, (2008) mentioned in their paper that Marketers can play with the psychology of the consumer as consumers compare each product in their mind. Companies need to identify about the consumers, what they want and which products make them happy. Fortune 500 companies have elect marketing activities like advertisement, pricing, packaging and labeling to attract their customers. Modern marketing practices have travel on to CRM, service quality which leads to strong brand image and name. Service quality has emerged as an influencing characteristic in consumers learning, as a goods service quality leads to positive learning and rewarding experience for the consumer.Example 4 dell is famous for their products and after sales services. In case of any technical assistance needed, the company sends their team to solve the problem at the customers residence. So the customer is highly motivated to trust and buy their product. Dell utilize customer experience and feedback to improve their product and service quality.2.1 instructive examples (Marketing and Managerial Implications)2.1.1 Dettol (Reckitt Benckiser)Strong marketing and brand image is behind the success of Dettol. Marketers have carried extensive research, advertisement and learning campaigns. The company has focused to work and make every single consumer aware about personal hygienics and germ free en vironment. The marketing slogan of Be 100% sure has created a positive image and brand in consumers mind. The cognitive learning has helped the company to influence the buying behaviour and decision making of the consumers. Dettol has used several marketing strategies which were designed to influence the learning of consumers to ensure that whenever they think of antiseptic liquid they must think of the only brand i.e. Dettol. by dint of the use of learning and awareness programs, the company has successfully expanded their transaction and product categories from personal care to total care. E.g. They first launched their antiseptic liquid followed by toilet soap, hand wash, shower gels and bars, shaving creams etc. Dettol has used marketing knowledge and communication to develop the need of the product which was support by various marketing and advertisement programs.Sayantani Kar, (2009) mentioned that Consumers are highly influenced with learning approach adopted by Reckitt Ben ckiser hence they are loyal to the brand. Dettol marketers have chosen psychographic and behavioral segment to target the selected consumer and then penetrate by the use of marketing channels. Competitive marketing and advertisement is the powerful USP (unique interchange proposition) which helped them to grow and develop strong image which directly influenced the buyer behaviour. By using cognitive and behavioral learning factor company is chop-chop engaged in research and development to extend its product line. (Prerna Raturi, 2006) several(prenominal) business rivals like PG, Unilever have tried to focus on consumer learning and succeeded to break the market to some extent but being a pioneer and strong brand, Dettol remains as their first preference.2.1.2 Lexus (Toyota Motor Corporation) macrocosm an automobile market leader the company has transformed itself into quality conscious company. Toyota is well known for its durability, performance, luxury and features. Consumers h ave learned the superior quality and performance by experiencing Toyota cars. Company has a wide segment market which starts from middle income to high income groups. Toyota has transformed high end market with knavish marketing and using consumer experience. (Bill Vlasic, 2012) Through encouraging experience they have entered in to niche market where traditional rivals like, BMW, Benz and Volvo dominate the market. By understanding the need of their existing customers they took innovative steps and broke the market share and successfully launched LEXUS. Lexus is a premium car and also one of the largest selling brands in the world. Carl Howe (2007) mentioned that Lexus used direct and target marketing by which they targeted loyal customers who were happy with Toyota models, while they carried massive marketing plans to focus and educate the consumers that Lexus belongs to Toyota but it is a more value added product. They used words like same family but different child concept to i ntroduce Lexus.The new concept was high value leading to high price which influenced buyers to experience the new product. Consumers have responded greatly to the new model which resulted in greater sale for the company, since the cognitive learning was affirmative which insisted them to try the new model Lexus hence upgraded their behavioral learning. Alan Ohnsman and Makiko Kitamura (2011) stated that the after sales service was one of the make out marketing features together with the product that enabled the marketers to develop lasting impact on consumer psychology and they succeeded to influence buyers behaviour.(C) Best product category and its implications.3.0 Financial Services (Banks)Financial services are the most discussed topic in todays economy. By narrowing to financial products like, Personal banking and Investment banking particularly, service marketing has introduced many models to understand and deal with the problems. Consumer behaviour is one of the biggest iss ues which differentiate these two markets (product, service). Services are different from goods because of their heterogeneity, inseparability, intangibility, perishability and customization which make it difficult for marketers to identify and practice the service standards. major Banks and financial institutions have realized the importance of consumer psychology toward financial products which influence the final decision. (McKechnie, Sally, 1992) To make a purchase decision for a financial product the consumers are not completely aware of the utility and consequences, the learning is developed simultaneously with the product use and Therefore its highly critical for the marketers to acquaint with personality, consumer thinking, relationship, service quality etc. which directly affect the buyer preference.The financial services are not a one- time purchase but there are several two- way transactions for long time. These services need the trust, confidence and mutual rapport of t he consumer in the financial institutions. Lunt, Peter, (2005) explains that Marketers invests plenty of time to facilitates and establish a mutual relationship to print positive image in the consumers cognitive learning which they consider to mensurate the creditability of the institution repeatedly. It also benefits the institution in long term business with individual consumer. Trials are not available for these products and services, most of consumers use their experience to make decision every time. So customer experience, trust and brand image are the main wisdom drivers which influences the buyer to select from available financial facilitators.4.0 ConclusionThe object to study the consumer behaviour and decision making is to examine the role of determinates that influence the final decision of consumer. The justifications and explanation was based on available consumer decision making theories, buying behaviour model and deep study of selected determinant learning. While exp loring the determinants it was observed that marketing stimuli, an extraneous and internal factor plays a critical role in consumer psychology which influence individual response. These elements affect the final purchase of every single product or service. Therefore its highly critical for the marketers to identify and run to narrow down the difference between consumer and supplier interest. Study also indicates the major difference between product and service and also suggests incubateing them with more focused marketing. As a service based product buyers are more conscious about the cost and outcome of the specific product because of intangibility of the product it is difficult to communicate with the consumer. Learning encourages the buyer to understand and provide a clear feedback of any particular product. If the consumer is happy with the product or service the feedback will be highly positive which also influence the buyer to straight rebuy without considering other options . In financial products consumers are always scare with the outcome of the decision and highly depend on their previous learning.Marketers have used this element to understand the needs and want to optimize the satisfaction level, which is actually developing positive attitude to rebuy the same product. Marketers can use modern methods to reduce the level of negative out come by spending more on developing consumer learning and experience. The right use of service quality, customer relation and satisfaction helps to create long term business with every customer which also reduces the brand switching. It is also observed that companies and marketers cannot solely depend on learning determinant. While investigating the determinants it is seen that marketing stimuli also affect the buyer behaviour. The choice of marketing mix product, place, price, promotion) significantly changes the taste and choice of buyer. Marketers must design the strategies to reduce the flaws and ensure that th e right message is conveyed to the consumers. The primary aim of marketing is to develop the need, attract, educate and influence consumers to buy the product. Therefore proper market study, product design, segmentation and targeting should be ensured by the marketer.5.0 Learning from the assignmentConsumers involve in buying and decision making process every day. The learning and decision making affects every time one use the product or service. Being continuous process its crucial for the buyer and the marketer to understand the process behind the decision process and what factors affect the buyer on each purchase.Being a marketing student the assignment helps to understand the available theories in details. Exploratory assignment determinants of buying behaviour helps to clutch the practical implication of each determinant like Marketing stimuli, external and internal factors. By using exploratory research on chosen factor it was observed that it is very critical for the company and the marketer to understand the consumer need, preference, satisfaction and loyalty. Companies cannot rely on each determinant which influences buyer decision because consumer keeps changing their buying decisions. Strong marketing is also one of the key successes for every company which involves more focused, targeted and innovative communicative tools to address the need of the consumer with offered solution.Assignment also facilitates to analyze the practical illustration from the world storied companies. While exploring their marketing strategies particularly which helps to learn from their practices. Critical analysis help to understand the pros and cons of every option which the marketers use address the problem. The assignment also encourages self learning, theories and their implications.Being a future manager it is quite reformatory to discuss and address the problem in details. The positive outcome is to address the problems with solutions which help to groom the thi nking and brainstorming process being a decision maker and manager.Strong marketing is the key of todays competitive business, it was an hazard to learn and evaluate the possible solutions while understanding consumer decision making process which will help to take positive decisions in future time.6.0 AppendixFig1Theory of customer buying behavior(Source http//eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/10107/1/Consumer_Behaviour_Theory_ _Approaches_%26_Models.pdf)Fig 2 Decision making through information search(Source http//www.consumerpsychologist.com/cb_Decision_Making.html)

Men Cheat On Partner For Sexual Reasons Psychology Essay

men Cheat On attendant For Sexual Reasons Psychology EssayAbstract correspond to most of the literature available, custody device on their quisling for inner reasons (Wilson, Mattingly, Clark, Weidler, 2011). The aim of this theater of operations is to gain an in-depth misgiving of the reasons that come before custody to cheat by winning a mens point of view. The sample consisted of six male participants who argon in a pull blood and who presumably never cheated. The participants were never asked whether they had cheated or non. Data collection consisted of semi-structured interviews, which were audio recorded. This data was then analyzed by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Findings guideed that mens reasons why sepa appreciate men cheat on their partners argon related to activated justifications rather than informal angiotensin converting enzymes. More oer most of the opportunities presented were image to be open up at the bole of work, with certai n employment positions thought to lead to a greater extent to un investworthy descents. Certain companionable interactions were though to lead towards apostateness. more(prenominal)(prenominal) thanover all the participants believe that certain temper causes be more the promising to get involved in scanty-dyadic races. Some limitations submit to be hold in this story. Findings obligate train been different if I drive not interviewed men who come from similar educational blanketgrounds, Future enquiry readiness want to consider the billet of men who cheated.Keyword punicness, males perspective, frantic dissatisfaction, opportunitiesDedicationI would like to dedicate this dissertation to all the people who supported me with step forward this process, especially to my family who always believed in me.Ac greetledgementsI would like to express my extremity gratitude to my supervisor Ms. Mary Ann Borg Cunen for her support and guidance in the course of my re search.I would in like manner like to thank all the participants for sharing their ideas and beliefs with me.Finally, my special gratitude goes to my family and my cuss for their cheat and support.ContentsAbstract 3Dedication 4Acknowledgements 5Chapter 1 8 inception 8Rationale for the study 8Motivation for the study 8 ground to the study 9Objectives of the fill and Research Question 9Chapters Overview 10Chapter 2 11 writings Review 11Biological status 11evolutionary aspect 12Social and Cultural Context 13Attachment opening 14P arntal- app atomic number 18lment model 16 birth unfaithfulness and disposition Traits 16Motivations for Infidelity 17Dissatisfaction with Primary Relationship 18 egotism Bolstering 18Education 19Religious Affiliation 19Types of affairs 20Gender Differences and Attitudes 21Types of Infidelity 22Conclusion 23Chapter 3 24Methodology 24Research Design 24Sample 25Data Collection 25Procedure 25Research Instruments 26Data Analysis 26Ethical Considerations 27Reliability and Validity 28Conclusion 28Chapter 4 29Results and Discussion 29Primary Relationship Dissatisfaction 29Opportunity and record 32Social interactions 36Conclusion on the research findings 38Chapter 5 40Conclusion 40Implications of the Research 40Limitations of the study 41Recommendations for Future Research 41Conclusion 42References 43 extension A 51 accessory B 52Appendix C 53Mistoqsijiet 54Appendix D 55Appendix E 56Appendix F 61Chapter 1IntroductionInfidelity is outlined as a severe interpersonal evildoing in which unitary or both(prenominal) of the partners engage in extra dyadic relationship, going against the rules of monogamousness and exclusivity (Drigotas, Safstrom, Gentillia, 1999). Researchers on infidelity discover 2 references of betrayal familiar or ablaze. Sexual infidelity refers to the act of informal activity with individual else former(a) than ones partner, mend aflame infidelity involves ontogeny an emotional connection with some opposite person apart from the airted partner (Wilson et al., 2011).Rationale for the studyResearch has been carried out to shed light on the motivations that lead men to extra dyadic relationships. A reduce of factors have been put up, mainly depending on the relationship type and on factors related to the individualistic (Treas Giesen, 2000) However, other than the wish for knowledgeable intercourse, I have not base a complete presentation of the reasons that lead men to infidelity.Given the inadequacy of research about infidelity from a males point of view, I am evoke in conducting this study to understand better a males perspective on the reasons that lead other men to cheat. furthermore, most of the past research has been carried out quantitatively, while I would like to obtain in-depth perspective with qualitative research.Motivation for the studyThe reason for choosing this research topic stems from a personal interest, as a close friend of mine has been cheated o ver by her husband. I became curious about the reasons that men give for their infidelity. I use to believe that men cheat mainly to satisfy their internal desires. Thus, in view of this, I decided to research this topic just in order to understand a mans perspective about infidelity.Background to the studyInfidelity is one of the most cited reasons for divorce. It is withal the most negatively charged to the individual, since it may cause emotional distress (Wilson et al., 2011). The betrayed person may endorse harmful consequence, these relateing him both on a personal and relationship level (Boekhout, Hendrick Hendrick, 1999). chocolate-brown (1991) states that infidelity has always costed and impart continue to exist. tied(p) though the majority of couples disapprove of two-timing(a) relationships, statistics indicate that on that point is a high percentage of unite couples whoengage in punic relationships (20% to 40%) (Peluso Spina, 2008). unless, fit to Brown (1991), affairs have little to do with bring up. They are about fear and disappointment, anger and emptiness, they are also about the go for for love and acceptance(p.13). Past researchers have related infidelity scooply to illicit sexual intercourse, but through the research available directly other acts of betrayal are being considered, like inti oppose emotional infidelity, online infidelity and secret relationships (Zola, 2007).Objectives of the Study and Research QuestionI am interested in researching males ideas and beliefs regarding infidelity, with particular emphasis on the distinguishd perception of what are the reasons that men give for other mens infidelity.Using data collected through opportunistic sampling, my study focuses on males who are in a move relationship and who presumably have never cheated, even though they were never asked if they ever cheated, and examine the reasons why they think other men cheat. During the interviews an in-depth understanding of mens infidelity and the causes leading to it were explicateed. The fol natural depressioning research question allow for be addressed What are the perceived reasons men give for other mens infidelity?Chapters OverviewThe aim of this chapter was to present a brief overview on the literature available on the topic as well as to provide an epitome of the rationale for choosing this topic, the objectives and the research question of this study.Chapter 2 will present the single literature about infidelity, in particular that concerning male infidelity. Chapter 3 will provide a detailed explanation about the methodology used for this study. Chapter 4 will provide the results of this study, comparing them to the literature from previous research. In the final chapter I will present the studys limitations, its implications and will also execute some recommendations for future research.Chapter 2Literature ReviewThis chapter assesses the theoretical perspectives layabout the motivations that lead men towards unfaithful demeanor. It is fundamental to have an detach rendering of what infidelity means, as it gives a better understanding about the reasons stooge infidelity. Infidelity used to be defined as extramarital sexual involvement, but nowadays the meaning is more inclusive. A more appropriate definition of infidelity proposed by Zola (2007) is (1) an act of an emotional and/or bodily betrayal characterized by deportment that is not sanctioned by the other partner and (2) that has contributed to considerable, on-going, emotional anguish in the non-offending partner (p.26).Biological PerspectiveResearch has been carried out to see whether some(prenominal) correlational statistics amongst an individuals transmissible share and infidelity exists. It was found that men with relatively high levels of testosterone show prolonged interest in sexual activity outside their menstruum committed relationship, also tending to have a greater event of sex partner s and a high number of extra-marital affairs (OConnor, Daniel, Feinberg, 2011, p. 65). With respect to women, levels of testosterone during the catamenial cycle indicate an increased possibility in engaging in infidelity (Welling et al., 2007 as cited in OConnor et al.).Moreover, Garcia et al. (2010) found that individuals with genetic variation of the dopamine D4, called 7R +, were more prone to infidelity or promiscuity. In their research, 50% of the participants with 7R + report being unfaithful when compared with 22% of participants who did not exhibit this genetic variation. Garcia shape up notes that his findings are not cause-effect related, since people without these genetic variations can also commit infidelity.In other study conducted by Cherkas, Oelsner, Mak, Valdes Spector (2004) on female twin about the correlation amidst genetic crop and infidelity, demonstrated that heritability in sexual infidelity exists (41%). Even though biological factors were proven to be relatively correlative with infidelity, social and culture influences should yet not be ignored as they influence statuss towards infidelity (Cherkas et al.).Evolutionary PerspectiveEvolutionary theorists have argued that infidelity has always existed in one form or another among human couples and research has addressed a growing number of issues surrounding this phenomenon (Fricker, 2006).For both females and males, reproduction and sexuality are the driving force for mate selection and relationship formation, most of the period acting unconsciously within the person (Hill, 2008). According to Trivers, (1972, as cited in Buss, 1995), females have evolved to be more selective in their choice of mating partners since they are the ones who position more in their offspring, so they exert greater selection pressure. In fact women are less likely to sleep around (Buss, 1998) while males evolve to be more competitive with same sex members to foster themselves from cuckoldry1costs (K uhle, Smedley Schmitt, 2009). Women are oriented towards long-term relationships while men take short-term relationships, showing less selection strictness (Buss Schmit, 1993).This lack of austerity allows men to have a wider range of sexual partners, therefore having higher availability alternatives. In a study conducted by Stone, Shackelford and Busss (2007), results demonstrated that when there are more females in a society, males lower their standard to advertise their offspring. In fact, according to evolutionary theory, males are more likely to cheat for reproductive success while woman cheat to find a superior mate. Furthermore, Drigotas and Barta (2001) suggest that if one of the partners does not perceive the relationship as rewarding, they tend to leave the dyad and move elsewhere.Mating strategies are time consuming, so after successfully attracting a mate, males adopt different retaining strategies (Kuhle et al., 2009). Since males cannot be sure of their paternity (Buss 2000 as cited in Sabini Silver 2005), they power be afraid to raise a child who is not biologically theirs (Hughes, Harrison Gallup, 2004) so males might be endowed by genes that make them react to sexual infidelity. Moreover, because maternity is always certain, females do not perceive sexual infidelity as a threat because they are not going to invest in an offspring which is not biologically theirs. It is the emotional engagement with another female which however triggers jealousy in women, as they fear giving up (Sabini Silver).Social and Cultural ContextAccording to Brown (1991) an increase in affairs has to do with moral breakdowns in our society (p.9). Others blame aspects like prospect, physical separation (Glass Wight, 1992), sexual liberalization and the changes that came along with womens emancipation. Human behaviour is shaped through socio-cultural factors, hence to understand better the reasons behind infidelity one should also consider outside influences (B rown).With the economic changes that have interpreted place in recent decades, families have faced drastic changes in their daily lives. Couples used to work together on farms, but today both work long hours having little time for each other (Brown, 1991). Social context gives more opportunity to engage in infidelity. The workplace gives the possibility to get closer to someone else (Treas Giesen, 2000 Wiggins Lederer, 1984). Glass states that 46% of unfaithful wives and 62% of unfaithful husbands who visited her clinic had an affair with someone who they met at work (Brown). Moreover jobs that require personal contact put the person more at risk of infidelity (Treas Giesen).Biosocial theory is an alternative to the evolutionary theory proposed by Wood and Eagly (2002) to explain infidelity. Women and men engage in different behaviours according to the social roles associated with their gender. These roles are attributed to physical differences. Costs and benefits from choosing a particular mate depend on social roles, and will be socially contractable mingled with cultures. Since males are unable to reproduce this gives them greater power over women.According to Charles, (2002 as cited in Agius, 2010), monogamous relationships are unhealthy because they fend off the natural instinct of humans (p. 16). Schmookler Bursiks (2007) research concluded that males perceive monogamy as a sacrifice, whereas females perceive it as relationship enhancing.Nowadays a lot of couples are opting for cohabitation instead of labor union, but according to Dolcini et al. (1993 as cited in Treas Giesen, 2000) the prevalence of infidelity amongst cohabiting couples is higher than in marriages since they invest less in their union and face less costs when having to leave the relationship.Attachment theoryAttachment theory is another study of evolutionary theory to explain emotions children experience when separated from their firsthand caregiver (Donovan, 2010 Hill, 2008) . Bowlby, found that the first a few(prenominal) years of a parent-child relationship are decisive in developing emotional extension, this resulting from a secure and comfort state with their caregivers. Through the emotional addendum formed with their caregivers, children develop what Ainsworth and colleagues (1978, as cited in Hill) called internal working models that will help them to understand relationships and react to them emotionally throughout life sentence (p. 285). Furthermore, the auxiliary dah with the caregiver will determine an individuals personality component and will influence also future relationships (Donovan).Hazan and Shaver (1987) rivet on the parent-child relationship and the effect on amorous and sexual relationships during adolescence and adulthood. They found that those who experienced a secure attachment with their parents tend to experience fulfill committed relationships which are stable and durable. On the other hand, those with an anxious-am bivalent personality style enter romantic relationships more quickly but are also prone to ending them quickly. Individuals who experienced an avoidant attachment style are more likely to avoid whatsoever involvement in a romantic relationship. Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991, as cited in Hill 2008) proposed a tetradth attachment style, dismissing attachment and this with reference to individuals who prefer to be more independent and not having to desire on others.According to the adult attachment theory, the type of emotional adhesion experienced with the caregiver is expected to occur when it comes to emotional bonding between adults (Fricker, 2006).Bogaert and Sadavas (2002, as cited in Hill, 2008)) study on young adults found that individuals who take in higher on anxious attachment are more likely to engage in infidelity (especially for women). Similarly, in Allen et al. (2008) study, men with dismissive attachment styles and women with absorbed attachment style tend to ha ve a considerable number of partners outside their primary relationship. Moreover, Blow and Hartnett (2005) found that women who have preoccupied attachment style and men who have a fearful attachment style are more likely to cheat.Parental- investment modelAccording to Trivers (1972, as cited in Buss, 1998)Parental investment can be defined as any time, energy, or, bowel movement expended to aid the survival and reproduction of one offspring at the expense of other forms of investment, such as effort devoted to intrasexual competition. (p. 21)Since parental investment can be costly, females need to be selective with whom to engage sexually. Sex differences in reproduction leads to different fitness strategies. For males, mating with different women puts them at a reproduction advantage to guard their genes and pass them on to the next generation. On the other hand, women are expressage in reproduction, hence they need to protect themselves and their offspring by choosing a mate with high genetic qualities (Hughes et al., 2004). In fact, women are more attracted to males who have got superb genes and who are caring and ready to commit resources for their offspring (Hill, 2008). Women also tend to give greater importance to mates who are economically stable and socially dominant. Conversely, men prefer younger, healthy, and more physically taking women (Yeniceri Kokdemir, 2006). As a matter of fact, males mostly value the waist-to-hip ratio and the body mass index, as these are associated with youthfulness and attractive women, thought to be indicators of health and capacity to reproduce (Hill, p.362). In fact women are more intimidated by opponents who are more physically attractive, while men are more threatened by rivals who have strong social status and stability (Hill).Relationship Infidelity and Personality TraitsIn a study carried out amongst fifty-two nations, using the Big Five personality traits, a relationship is evident between different pe rsonality traits and relationship infidelity (Schmitt, 2004). Four traits appear to be related to sexual behaviour extraversion, agreeableness, painstakingness and neuroticism. Exhibiting low levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness is associated with infidelity and impulsive sensation- seek (Orzeck Lung, 2005 Schmitt).Barta and Kiene (2005 as cited in Blow Kelley, 2005 Wilson et al., 2011), found that attitudes toward uncommitted sexual relationships are uncorrupted predictors of infidelity, such that people who have a favourable attitude towards infidelity are more likely to cheat. Additionally, those who report being unfaithful in romantic relationships tend to be uncooperative and lack trust (i.e. disagreeable), disorganized and unreliable (i.e. unconscientiously) which is likely to lead to infidelity during the first four years of marriage (Orzeck Lung, 2005 Schmitt, 2004). On the other hand, a Machiavellian personality, psychoticism and mental disease which are root ed in low agreeableness and low conscientiousness are strong predictors of high sensation seeking (Schmitt).Eysenck (1976, as cited in Schmitt, 2004) further found that extroverts tend to have multiple partners, are more sexually active and engage in sexual intercourse at a young age. They are more likely to be unfaithful because of high libido or due to the need to raise their habitually low levels of cortical arousal to a more comfortable level (p. 303) in order to overcome boredom (Orzeck Lung, 2005). Since they are always in need of new stimulation, they lack commitment investment (Drigotas et al., 1999).According to Buss and Shackelford (1997 as cited in Orzeck Lung, 2005) couples who have similar personalities are more likely to be satisfied with their relationship, while dissimilar personality characteristics could decrease satisfaction, leading to infidelity.Motivations for InfidelityMany researchers have examined the reasons for extra relationship involvements. According to Glass and Wright (1992 as cited in Boekhout et al., 1999), there are four classes of infidelity justifications, these being sexual, emotional, love (which entails falling in love and receiving financial aid), and extrinsic motivations.Even though men and women give similar justifications for their betrayal, research has shown that some sex differences do exist. For women, relationship dissatisfaction is a higher contributor to infidelity, while for men factors like sexual incompatibility and lack of communication lead to infidelity (Roscoe, Cavanaugh, Kennedy, 1988).Dissatisfaction with Primary RelationshipPeople in committed relationships expect certain needs to be fulfilled by their partners (Boekhout et al., 1999). When these needs are lacking, they seek them outside the primary relationship. The investment theory (Rusbult, 1983) explains that cheaters perceive themselves as being more pleasing, exploit and taken advantage of, so they would look for appreciation in extra re lationship involvement. Conversely, when they feel that their needs are being met they tend to be faithful (Orzech Lung, 2005).Research shows that relationship dissatisfaction is a high contributor to infidelity (Blow Kelley, 2005 Brown, 1991 Glass Wright, 1985). Furthermore, dissatisfaction with a primary relationship increases the desire for extramarital relationships, whereas Cuber and Haroff (1965, as cited in Glass Wright, 1977) state that affairs are not exclusive to bad marriages but may also occur in good marriages.Among those that engage in extramarital sex, women tend to be more dissatisfy with their relationship than men (Blow Kelley, 2005 Brown, 1991). For women, the primary motivator to extramarital sex is emotional dissatisfaction (Glass Wright, 1985) while for men it is related to sexual dissatisfaction (Brown). Poor communication and unresolved marital problems are also related to infidelity (Brown).Ego BolsteringPittman (1989 as cited in Brown, 1991) assigns complete responsibility for an affair to the infidel and views the partner as a victim (p.21). Men are likely to commit extramarital sex due to low levels of self-esteem, hence exhibiting feelings of insecurity. In fact, Eaves and Robertson- Smith (2004) found that the lower a mans self- esteem is, the most likely he will be unfaithful. In a relationship where men perceive their maleness as being threatened, they tend to engage in an affair (Chircop, 2008).Moreover anger and revenge could be a motivator leading to unfaithful relationships. In this case, the choice to hurt back a partner would be a conscious one (Cachia, 2007).EducationStudies in evaluating whether a correlation between education and infidelity exist or not vary. Treas and Giesen (2000) love that individuals who are exceedingly educated tend to be more bailable towards sexual set and infidelities (Blow Hartnett, 2005). In a study conducted by Atkins et al. (2001 as cited in Blow Hartnett) graduate participants were 1.75 times higher to engage in extramarital relationships than those with a lower education. These researchers also state that this finding is probatory amongst individuals who are divorced.Religious AffiliationThe great influence of Puritan values on American and later on European cultures contributed to less permissiveness towards sexual betrayal as it came to be viewed as morally unaccepted (Scheinkman, 2005, as cited in Zola, 2007). Even though some researchers like Blumstein Schwartz, (1983, as cited in Blow Hartnett, 2005) state that there is no correlation between attending at religious services and infidelity, other studies report that attendance at religious services leads to lower rates of infidelity (Treas Giesen, 2000). Liu (2000) suggests that it might be the case that couples who attend religious services might be exposed more to the condemning messages of extramarital affairs. Moreover, their social network might be tighter, hence allowing them more to ad here to social norms (Blow Hartnett). In a study conducted by Amato and Previti (2003, as cited in Allen et al., 2008), religiosity played a great role in whether to engage in infidelity or not. In fact higher religiosity can inhibit infidelity due to mechanisms such as less permissiveness attitudes (p. 244). In another study, Azzopardi (2011) found that couples who practice religion are more likely to be faithful, while low religiosity is correlated with infidelity.Amongst the Maltese society, Catholicism is highly viewed and great respect for the doctrines stance of low-tolerance towards infidelity still exists. However, things have changed since Tabones study, which dates back to 1987, where the majority of his sample participants declared that they would not be unfaithful because it is against Gods Commandments (as cited in Cachia, 2007, p.6). More recently, Abela, (2000) has stated that in todays society, the Christian religion has little influence on affairs. Even though reli gion might not affect infidelity, still it can prevent infidelity to some extent.Types of AffairsBrown (1991) recognizes that different types of affairs exist in fact she identifies five. The conflict turning away affair takes place when individuals are afraid of speaking up when they do not agree with their partner because they want to be seen as good persons and fear being abandoned. Others seek an affair because they are afraid of acquiring intimate with someone. This type of affair is known as the intimacy escape affair. Sexual addiction affairs exist among men who indulge themselves in sexual activity to numb inner pain. In the case of the assort self affair, both the spouse and the adulterer put the needs of others in front of theirs. Contrary to the sexual addict affair, here it is the marriage that feels go off and not the individual. Usually the affair is passionate, and serious. The last type of affair is the exist affair. Brown, describes these individuals as conflict avoiders at heart (p.41). Both partners are informed that their marriage has finished, but still the adulterer justifies his action to leave the marriage for the affair instead.Gender Differences and AttitudesA lot of research has been carried out to identify the incidence rate of affairs between males and females. However a easy conclusion cannot be reached because it depends on age, primary relationship type and the type of extra dyadic relationship (Hill, 2008). Even though the majority of unite couples expect a monogamous relationship and condemn extra dyadic relationships (Allen et al., 2008), still between 20% to 40% of all couples at one point in their life, engage in infidelity (Peluso Spina, 2008).Several authors have concluded that men engage more in unfaithful relationships and are more permissive about extra-dyadic sex than women (Hill, 2008 Treas Giesen, 2000). However, Margie Scarf (1987 as cited in Brown 1991) points out that 55% of married men and 45% of marrie d women engage in unfaithful relationships. Due to the increasing number of women who work, opportunity to engage in infidelity is increasing as well (Larson, 1988 as cited by Brown). Besides, Atwater (1982, as cited in Brown) explains that there is a higher rate in affair participation amongst young women than men. Larson (1988 as cited in Brown) still recognizes that there is a gender difference when it comes to affairs because females consider infidelity to be more serious than males.In a local context, Cachia (2007) carried out a study to highlight both differences and similarities in infidelity amongst males and females. Results revealed that both sexes considered infidelity to be wrong yet still engaged in it. Another study was conducted by Agius (2010) to investigate if there are any sex differences when it comes to infidelity. Even in this study, results showed no significant difference between genders when it comes to being unfaithful.Glass and Wright (1977) recognised that there is a relation between attitudes toward infidelity and behaviour, especially for men. More favourable attitudes towards infidelity are associated with greater predictions towards the likelihood of engaging in sexual infidelity (Treas Giesen, 2000 Wilson et al., 2011). Blow Hartnett (2005) maintain that attitudes toward infidelity may also depend on prior sexual experience. Premarital sexual experiences are correlated with extramarital affairs in fact, Atwater (1982 as cited in Brown 1991) states that the more experience an individual has the superior the likelihood of him being unfaithful.Types of InfidelityAn affair can be sexual, emotional or both (Brown, 1991). Sexual infidelity refers to sexual activity with someone else outside the primary relationship while emotional infidelity refers to the attention and romantic love channelled towards someone else besides the long-term partner (Shackelford, LeBlanc Drass, 2000).Men perceive sexual infidelity as being more deplor able and unacceptable, whereas women are more upset when it comes to emotional infidelity. This difference is explained by the evolutionary perspective model because it reflects the challenges our ancestors faced in reproduction (Treger Sprecher, 2011). Buss and his colleagues (1992, as cited in Boekhout et al., 1999) found that 60% of men will be more distressed with sexual infidelity, whereas 83% of women are more distressed with emotional infidelity. Women believe that men engage in sexual activity without any emotional attachment, so when they fall in love women perceive this type of affair as more distressful. On the other hand, men know that women may fall in love without engaging in sex and that they will have sex only with the one they love, so they perceive sexual infidelity as more distressful (Treger Sprecher). Men mostly view extra dyadic relationships as having no consequences on committed relationships since they are more like

Why do bad things happen to good people? Essay -- Essays Papers

Why do bad things happen to near concourse?There is whiz question that everyone asks but to which no one knows the answer Why do bad things happen to good people? The misfortunes of good people raise problems non only for those who suffer, but in like manner for everyone who wants to believe in a just and livable world and in a fair and compassionate graven image. Rabbi Kushner, author of Why Do toughened Things Happen To Good People, attempts to bring light to this difficult question. In doing so he evaluates past attempts to explain suffering, offers his own approach to the exculpation of suffering in todays society, and makes suggestions for how one can deal with suffering and touch his or her journey into the future. This essay will examine these rationales and will terminate with an analysis on how Kushner handles the four foundational sources for understanding the will of God finished scripture, tradition, history, and modern context. Kushner evaluates past attempts to explain suffering and discusses why they are not satisfactory. One way in which people attempt to make superstar of suffering is to assume that they deserve what they get, and that somehow their misfortunes come as penalization for their sins. This subject portrays God as a righteous judge who is both loving, all-powerful, in total control, and gives people exactly what they deserve. However, Kushner sees major limitations in this idea because it teaches people to blame themselves for their suffering and creates unnecessary guilt. In addition, he argues that it may even turn people away from God and cause them to loathe themselves. Victims of misfortune also try to console themselves by believing that God has his reasons for making them suffer, reasons that they are in no position to... ...the scriptures in the Bible. Moreover, Kushner negates the traditionalistic beliefs of scripture by using modern ideas of evolution to undermine the human race story, In a description of Creation which is astonishingly similar to the evolutionary process as scientists have come to unravel it. (pg 72). This statement undermines Gods control and promotes Kushners idea of randomness and lack of control. Lastly, Kushner goes against tradition and historical practices of prayer when he insists that asking God for help and asking God to change things is wrong. sort of he suggests that people should change their understanding of what is government agency to pray and what it means to have ones prayers answered. Nevertheless, Kushner attempts to address the issues of suffering with deep insight and relies heavily on modern context to help people understand the painful events of this life.