Human Cloning Essay

IntroductionThe surmise of gentle re-create, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin engraft created the more(prenominal) than-celebrated sheep Dolly, aro utilise institutionwide interest and concern be stimulate of its scientific and h wholenessst implications. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the break through with(predicate) of 1997, overly ingre last(a)ntrated un authorizedty over the smasheding of copy an umbrella term tradition exclusivelyy utilize by scientists to describe various serve nearlyes for duplicating biological material.Given this learning, you whitethorn ask, or maybe justifiedly in a flash, you be wondering what actu apiece(prenominal)y bell ringer is. biota defines bell ringer as the process of producing similar populations of catchingally identical individuals that spends in nature when organisms much(prenominal)(prenominal) as bacteria, insects or plants re form asexually. However, in Bio engine room, copy is all roughl y copying deoxyribonucleic acid fragments to produce a utter(a) cl extend toless of the specimen. Derived from the ancient greek word klon, meaning twig, it refers to the process whereby a new plant sens be created from a twig.In this enquiry paper, my main goal is to make you run across and answer our irresolutions on what re-create real is all nigh, and how it get out affect our lives once it is favoredly d unrivalled. Yes, I possess my enquirys as well regarding the process, and the main campaign this is the topic I chose is because the whim designms to be both simple and complex at the homogeneous duration. As to why, I get out be answering that as we wear pop out deeper into the topic.Lastly, forwards we move to the next part of this truly interesting inquiry, you may necessitate to k presently that copy does non refer except to a atomic chassis 53 process. It has its suffer complexities, and in that location ar several processes and methods in which re-create is divided and categorized. And now, into the topic we go.Historical BackgroundAs a scientific and technical possibility, forgiving copy has emerged as an outgrowth of discoveries or innovations in victimisational biology, genetics, assisted reproductive technologies, animal breeding, and, roughly recently, explore on patternusnic s whistleing carrellular ph singles. Assisted reproductive techniques in valet de chambre accomplished the in vitro fertilization of a compassionate clump, yielding a zygote and developing embryo that could be success to the full implanted into a muliebritys uterus to egest rise to a live- natural child. fleshly breeders unfeigned and refined these techniques with a medical exam prognosis to perpetuating particularly blue-chip animals and maintaining laboriously identified genomes. Most recently, the isolation of embryonic musical theme cubicles and their subsequent in vitro differentiation into m both different c adre types grant dissipateed up possibilities for repairing and replacing diseased or nonfunctioning tissue, and gum olibanum possible look into uses for ringerd tender-hearted embryos. The German embryologist Hans Spemann asked what numerous an(prenominal) consider to be the earliest re-create experiments on animals.Spemann was interested in answering a investment firmamental question of biological development does apiece identify cell retain the full equilibrate of genetic teaching put initially in the zygote? In the late 1920s, he tied off part of a cell containing the pith from a salamander embryo at the sixteen-cell st jump on and allowed the single cell to divide, showing that the nucleus of that pre spring up embryo could, in effect, diverge over. In a 1938 book, embryonal Development and Induction, Spemann wondered whether to a strikinger extent(prenominal) terminately gravel cells had the similar capacity and speculated near the possibility of e xilering the nucleus from a severalise cell taken from either a later-st come on embryo or an large(p) organism into an enucleated junky. As he explained it Decisive entropy close to this question may possibly be afforded by an experiment which advances, at frontly sight, to be nearlywhatwhat fantastical. This experiment world power possibly show that verit able(a) nuclei of place cells dismiss initiate figure development in the orchis protoplasms. But Spemann did non know how to conduct such an experiment. Research with captures cardinal long time later further progress toward the fantastical experiment. In 1952, the American embryologists Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King get-go success fully takered nuclei from early embryonic cells of leopard anurans to enucleated leopard anuran eggs.The activated egg began to divide and develop, became a multicellular embryo, and thence became a tadpole. Embryologists in new(prenominal) laboratories successfully repeated these initial experiments on different species of frogs. But accessional take in besides showed that the older and more than differentiated a founding fatheror cell becomes, the less desirely it is that its nucleus would be able to direct development. In 1962, the British developmental biologist washstand Gurdon reported that he had produced sexually mature frogs by transferring nuclei from intestinal cells of tadpoles into enucleated frog eggs. The experiments had a low success rate and remained controversial. Gurdon stick aroundd this melt in the 1970s, and he was able to produce tadpoles by transferring the nucleus of adult frog skin cells into enucleated frog eggs. Later experiments established that m any(prenominal) factors in addition to the intact nucleus atomic flake 18 crucial to success. In retrospect, it is surprising that any of these earlier experiments produced po bewilderive results. But despite their low success rates, these experiments demo th at the nucleus retained its full complement of genetic study and encouraged later investigators to explore mammalian re-create.The maturate in of Louise Br accept in 1978, the showtime baby conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF), was in any case an all fundamental(p) milest one(a), because it exhibit that homo birth was possible from eggs that were fertilized outside the body and then implanted into the womb. As for the possibility of copy animals from adult cells e particularly mammals the take to the woods in the intervening years counsellinged largely on the reprogramming of gene expression in material cells, the transfer of nuclei taken from embryos in mammals ( jumpning with mice in the 1980s), and in the long run the work of Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute with adult nuclei, which take to the birth of Dolly on July 5, 1996. Since then, similar success has been achieved in dead ringer new(prenominal) mammalian species, including cattle, goats, pigs, mice, cats, and rabbits. The animal knockoffrs did non get dressed out to develop techniques for clone homos. Wilmuts goal was to replicate or perpetuate animals carrying a valuable genome (for mannikin, sheep that had been genetically modified to produce medically valuable proteins in their milk).Others, such as the knockoffrs of the kitten CC, were interested in commercial ventures for the re-create of pets.6 calm piling the techniques developed in animals deport encouraged a s centre of attention issue of infertility therapists to contemplate and explore efforts to clone gentlee children. And, following the proclamation in 1998 by James Thomson and his associates of their isolation of kind-hearted embryonic composition cells, there emerged an interest in cloned adult male embryos, non for reproductive uses plainly as a powerful similarlyl for research into the nature and interposition of military mane disease. So what does this mean? Having successfully copy Dolly the sheep? I departing be discussing that as we go further with the research. Let me present to you now some diachronic data regarding the actually topic adult malee cloning. Here is an actually timeline of cloning processes that has been recorded throughout the ago century re-create Timeline1885 August Weismann, professor of zoology and comparative public figure at the University of Freiberg, theorized that the genetic information of a cell would diminish as the cell went through differentiation. 1888 Wilhelm Roux tested the germ plasm theory for the showtime time. One cell of a 2-cell frog embryo was annihilate with a hot indispensablenessle the result was a half-embryo, supporting Weismanns theory. 1894 Hans Dreisch separated blastomeres from 2- and 4-cell sea urchin embryos and observed their development into small larvae. These experiments were regarded as refutations of the Weismann-Roux theory. 1901 Hans Spemann split a 2-cel l newt embryo into two parts, resulting in the development of two complete larvae. 1902 Walter Sutton publish On the Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachyotola magna, hypothesizing that chromosomes carry the hereditary pattern and that they occur in distinct pairs within a cells nucleus. Sutton also entreatd that how chromosomes act when sex cells divide was the basis for the Mendelian integrity of Heredity. 1902 German embryologist Hans Spemann split a 2-celled salamander embryo and individually cell grew to adulthood, providing proof that early embryo cells carry necessary genetic information.This finally disproved Weismanns 1885 theory that the amount of genetic information in cells decreases with each division. 1914 Hans Spermann conducted and early nuclear transfer experiment. 1928 Hans Spemann performed further, successful nuclear transfer experiments. 1938 Hans Spemann make the results of his 1928 primitive nuclear transfer experiments involving salamander embryo s in the book Embryonic Development and Induction. Spemann argued the next step for research should be the cloning organisms by extracting the nucleus of a differentiated cell and putting it into an enucleated egg. 1944 Oswald A real found that a cells genetic information was carried in desoxyribonucleic acid. 1950 offset printing successful freezing of bull semen at -79C for later insemination of kine was accomplished. 1952 First animal cloning Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King cloned northern leopard frogs. 1953 Francis hayrick and James Watson , running(a) at Cambridges Cavendish Laboratory, discover the structure of desoxyribonucleic acid. 1962 Biologist backside Gurdon inform that he had cloned South African frogs using the nucleus of fully differentiated adult intestinal cells.This demonstrated that cells genetic potential do non diminish as the cell became specialized. 1962 65 Robert G. McKinnell, Thomas J. King, and Marie A. Di Berardino produced limpid larvae fro m enucleated oocytes that had been injected with adult frog kidney carcinoma cell nuclei. 1963 Biologist J.B.S. Haldane coined the term clone in a speech entitled Biological Possibilities for the military man Species of the Next Ten-Thousand Years. 1964 F.C. keeper grew a complete carrot plant from a fully differentiated carrot root cell. 1966 Marshall Niremberg, Heinrich Mathaei, and Severo Ochoa broke the genetic code, discovering what codon sequences specified each of the twenty amino acids. 1966 John B. Gurdon and V. Uehlinger grew adult frogs after injecting tadpole intestinal cell nuclei into enucleated oocytes. 1967 deoxyribonucleic acid ligase, the enzyme responsible for binding unneurotic strands of desoxyribonucleic acid, was isolated.1969 James Shapiero and Johnathan Beckwith proclaimed that they had isolated the starting signal gene. 1970 Howard Temin and David Baltimore each independently isolated the first parturiency enzyme. 1972 Paul Berg combined the desoxyr ibonucleic acid of two different organisms, and so creating the first recombinant DNA molecules. 1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer created the first recombinant DNA organism using recombinant DNA techniques pioneered by Paul Berg. Also cognise as gene splicing, this technique that allows scientists to manipulate the DNA of an organism the basis of genetic engineering. 1977 Karl Illmensee and Peter Hoppe created mice with wholly a single nurture. 1978 David Rorvik published the novel In His Image The clone of a Man. 1978 Baby Louise, the first child conceived throughin vitro fertilization, was born. 1979 Karl Illmensee claimed to pass cloned three mice.1980 In the case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, the joined States Supreme Court ruled that a live, humanity do microorganism is patentable material. 1983 Kary B. Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1983. This process allows for the rapid synthesis of designated fragments of DNA. 1983 Davor Solter and David M cGrath tried to clone mice using their own version of the nuclear transfer method. 1983 The first human experience-to-m new(prenominal) embryo transfer was completed. 1983 86 Marie A. Di Berardino, Nancy H. Orr, and Robert McKinnell transplanted nuclei of adult frog erythrocytes, thus obtained pre-feeding and feeding tadpoles. 1984 Steen Willadsen cloned a sheep from embryo cells, the first verified example of mammal cloning using the process of nuclear transfer. 1985 Steen Willadsen used his cloning technique to duplicate plunder cattle embryos. 1985 Ralph Brinster created the first transgenic livestock pigs that produced human growth hormone. 1986 Using differentiated, one week old embryo cells, Steen Willadsen cloned a cow. 1986 Artificially inseminated surrogate m otherwise bloody shame Beth Whitehead gave birth to Baby M. She tried and expireed to retain custody. 1986 Neal First, Randal Prather, and Willard Eyestone used early embryo cells to clone a cow. October 1990 The National Institutes of Health officially launched the sweet-hearted Genome Project to locate the 50,000 to 100,000 genes and sequence the estimated 3 visorion nucleotides of the human genome. 1993 M. Sims and N.L. First reported the creation of calves by transfer of nuclei from cultured embryonic cells. 1993 man embryos were first cloned.July 1995 Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell used differentiated embryo cells to clone two sheep, named Megan and Morag. July 5, 1996 Dolly, the first organism ever to be cloned from adult cells, was born. February 23, 1997 Scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland officially announce the birth of Dolly March 4, 1997 chair Clinton proposed a five year moratorium on federal and unavowedly funded human cloning research. July 1997 Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell, the scientists who created Dolly, also created Polly, a Poll Dorset lamb cloned from skin cells grown in a lab and genetically altered to contain a human gene. August 1997 chairman Cli nton proposed edict to ban the cloning of human for at to the lowest degree 5 years. September 1997 Thousands of biologists and physicians signed a voluntary five-year moratorium on human cloning in the get together States.December 5, 1997 Richard Seed announced that he intended to clone a human before federal laws could effectively prohibit the process. early January 1998 Nineteen European nations signed a ban on human cloning. January 20, 1998 The Food and Drug Administration announced that it had authority over human cloning. July 1998 Ryuzo Yanagimachi, Toni Perry, and Teruhiko Wakayama announced that they had cloned 50 mice from adult cells since October, 1997. January 1998 Bo engine room menage Perkin-Elmer Corporation announced that it wold work with gene sequencing expert J. Craig Venture to privately map the human genome.Should be interesting plenty, right? So in 1998 there was actually a major advancement in the issue of genealogy which overlyk us a step closer tow ards human cloning. The gracious Genome. The genome of homosapiens stored in 23 chromosome pairs, was launched 30 years after the successful deciphering of the DNA code which was done in 1968. It came as a major get on for the much-aspired practice of human cloning. Even though animal cloning was still in its infancy stage, several scientists attempted to clone the human cells.In 2002, Clonaid a human cloning company founded in 1997, revealed that it had sucessfully cloned earth, and made public a picture of a baby which was allegedly the first clone human, named Eve. The company followed up with more of such revelations, unless it was exhausting to assess the credibility of these claimsas they refused to undergo a DNA test of the mother and child. to a greater extent of such claims also surfaced, though none were credible enough. humanity copy Prohibition profess in force(p) when social functions were falling in place and we were close to the development of a human clone , a major gust came in the form of the military man Cloning Prohibition Act of 2009, which deemed cloning unlawful, unethical and an immoral drill. The opposition to cloning of humans came from scientific community, which was not satisfied with the results of animal cloning, and the religious communities, which believe that the cloning of humans is an activity which interferes with human emotional state and procreation. Due to the much-debated ethical issues of cloning, both reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning ar opposed, and redden banned in some countries, today.The fraternity of pro-cloning scientists and researchers though, are hoping that human cloning volition be legalized some time soon after which they can get back to their labs, and continue experiments related to the akin. Though the death of various cloned animals has questioned the practice of cloning time and again, each of these experiments has put humans one step towards the seemingly undoable goal of successfully cloning its own kind.Techniques/Methods of Cloning* Somatic cellular phone Nuclear TransferThe term somatic cell nuclear transfer refers to the transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell to an egg cell. A somatic cell is any cell of the body other than a germ (sex) cell. An example of a somatic cell would be a blood cell, heart cell, skin cell, etc. In this process, the nucleus of a somatic cell is aloof and inserted into an unfertilized egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg with its donated nucleus is then nurtured and divides until it becomes an embryo. The embryo is then placed inside a surrogate mother and develops inside the surrogate. * The Roslin TechniqueThe Roslin Technique is a chromosomal mutation of somatic cell nuclear transfer that was developed by researchers at the Roslin Institute. The researchers used this method to create Dolly. In this process, somatic cells (with nuclei in tact) are allowed to grow and divide and are then deprived of nutrients to induce the cells into a suspended or dormant stage. An egg cell that has had its nucleus removed is then placed in close proximity to a somatic cell and both cells are shocked with an electrical pulse. The cells fuse and the egg is allow to develop into an embryo. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate. * The capital of Hawaii TechniqueThe Honolulu Technique was developed by Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama at the University of Hawaii. In this method, the nucleus from a somatic cell is removed and injected into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg is bathed in a chemical solution and cultured. The developing embryo is then implanted into a surrogate and allowed to develop. Were done discussing the historical background of human cloning. And cloning also in the general brain was also, at the very least, has been thoroughly defined. Ihope this has been informative enough to shed some light as to how cloning was little by little, brought into the mainstream of sci entific breakthroughs. Moving on to the next part, I will now discussed the problems associated with human cloning. Statement of the ProblemThe main problem on human cloning is that there has been no advancement to the process since the genome. And even though it was a major advancement, the process remains very inconsistent and very risky in galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) of its aspects, and there had been many issues regarding it. Conflicts about its ethical and moral implications are popped out the bite human cloning has been brought into the frontlines of scientific studies. We, as commonwealth harbor different cultures and traditions and these factors greatly baffle the advancement of cloning in a far deeper sense. The question is, what exactly are the risks of cloning?Reproductive cloning is expensive and passing inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to soak up more compromised immune function and eminenter rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. lacquerese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor health and die early. About a third of the cloned calves born alive have died offspring, and many of them were abnormally large. Many cloned animals have not lived long enough to vex good data about how clones age. Appearing legal at a young age unfortunately is not a good index number of long-term survival.Clones have been known to die mysteriously. For example, Australias first cloned sheep appeared healthy and energetic on the day she died, and the results from her autopsy failed to determine a cause of death. In 2002, researchers at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, reported that the genomes of cloned mice are compromised. In analyzing more than 10,000 liver and placenta cells of cloned mi ce, they discovered that about 4% of genes function abnormally. The abnormalities do not arise from mutations in the genes but from varys in the normal activation or expression of certain genes. Problems also may result from programming errors in the genetic material from a conferrer cell.When an embryo is created from the union of a sperm and an egg, the embryo receives copies of around genes from both parents. A process called imprinting chemically marks the DNA from the mother and father so that only one copy of a gene (either the maternal or paternal gene) is turned on. Defects in the genetic imprint of DNA from a single donor cell may lead to some of the developmental abnormalities of cloned embryos. From these information, it gives us the impression that cloning is too risky and many bulk believe that it is kinda impossible to clone a human being when the results of the trial conducted are not very compelling and satisfactory. In fact, in some cases, the thought of cloni ng a human instills fear on most religious large number because of their feel of the Divine and the laws in conjunction with their beliefs. Another question arises, thus creating more conflict and even bigger arguments about the process. Should humans be cloned?Physicians from the American Medical Association and scientists with the American Association for the Advancement of Science have issued formal public conjurements advising against human reproductive cloning. The U.S. Congress has considered the passage of legislation that could ban human cloning. Due to the inefficiency of animal cloning (only about 1 or 2 viable offspring for every 100 experiments) and the overleap of appreciation about reproductive cloning, many scientists and physicians strongly believe that it would be unethical to attempt to clone humans. Not only do most attempts to clone mammals fail, about 30% of clones born alive are abnormal with large-offspring syndrome and other debilitating conditions. Sev eral cloned animals have died prematurely from infections and other complications. The same problems would be anticipate in human cloning. In addition, scientists do not know how cloning could impact mental development. opus factors such as intellect and mood may not be as master(prenominal) for a cow or a mouse, they are crucial for the development of healthy humans. With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning, the attempt to clone humans at this time is considered potentially dangerous and ethically irresponsible.The problems are instead disturbing and it require lots of critical thinking, analysis, arguments, debates, etc. to point out the quintessence of the cloning problems. I would similar to add a individualized touch into the next part, the causes and personal effects. Causes and EffectsNow, lets view the idea in a much bigger perspective. At first, I had problems analyzing what may be the real cause(s) of the problems about the cloning process, and what are the implications of human cloning failures. So by gathering more significant information and resources, I was able to cite several causes as well as the effects of the problems I stated in a broad concept. whole the talk in recent years about the possibility of cloning human beings has everyone a little unsettled. Even those most enthusiastic about the construe speak in cautious, albeit hopeful and optimistic, terms. Most folks arent quite sure what to make of the nominee of engineering human beings, although they are a little troubled by the thought, while not a hardly a(prenominal) are very concerned, and some even outraged, over the very mood. Its good that there is a certain amount of tension in the air over the subject of human cloning, for in many ship authority it seems we may be about to rush in to something without giving fitted consideration of the ethical, moral, and even spiritual aspects of the proposal. Its one thing to clone a sheep, or a pig.Were accustome d to the idea of manipulating the genes and jeopardizing the well being of beasts for the sake of possibly improving the lot of human beings. Its another thing to be talking about creating new great deal out of select gene pools for what can often sound give care rather elitist purposes. Alarming terms such as eugenics and conquer induce spring to mind. From a Biblical and Christian point of view there are at least three problems associated with the human cloning project. The prospect of engineering new human beings out of existing gene banks raises well(p) red flags in three important ranges. * The hubris of scienceFirst is the area of scientific hubris. Following the flood the Lord, surveying the arrogant attempt of fall men to build a city and tower to celebrate their own technological genius and capability, lamented that, having begun on such a hubristic path, humans would not be restrained to do whatever their fertilealbeit fallenimaginations capability concoct (Gen. 11 6). Modern science has often proceeded on the idea if we can do it, we may, and believably even should. That kind of thinking has produced many of the marvels and wonders of modern science and technology it has also contributed to the pollution of the environment, growing stockpiles of groundless waste, and the threat to the continuation of civilization itself posed by the existence, and growing proliferation of, weapons of concourse destruction. It borders on the realm of presumed omniscience, the kind of attitude that says, Were scientists, and we know what were doing we dont have to listen to anybody other than ourselves. Yet such a prerogative surely belongs to God alone.At present a lively discussion is underway over the ethical, moral, and spiritual implications of human cloning. Just because the technology is ready(prenominal)or, at least, nearly availabledoes not mean scientists should rush to do something the ramifications of which we have not carefully considered t hrough thoughtful, affected role discussions in the public square. President Bush was wise, in the summer of 2001, to set the brakes of the engine of the human cloning industry before it speed up to run extraneous speed on a downhill curve with possibility as a very real possible outcome. But the compact on scientists and labs to be the first in scientific discovery has led many technicians to take their research and experimentation to other venues, beyond the equal of Uncle Sam (or Uncle George). Our American culture has, in the past, rewarded the pride-driven efforts of scientists to be the first on their block with some new discovery or other.We award exuberant prizes, put the great unwasheds faces on the cover of passwordmagazines, celebrate them in the schools of the land, and otherwise make every effort to make them household names. What advised American does not know the names of people like Einstein, Pauling, twirl and Watson, and Hawking? Perhaps we should consider coming up with a prize for scientific restraint, awarding those scientists with the Mantle of Wisdom, lets say, who, after tryout the opinions of sociologists, ethicists, and theologians (among others) determine that their current research project is check off left incomplete. * homosexual reductionismThe second problem area, from a Biblical and Christian perspective, relates to the view of human beings that pervades and drives the human cloning project. Years of animal experimentation in the development of drugs and treatments have solidified in the minds of many people that humans are just like animals, only a little more complex (all those feelings and stuff). Weve been conditioned to believe that if we can make this thing work with animals then its probably safe, if not outright good, for humans.Thats why we sent monkeys up in space capsules before humans, and why we think over lab rats to figure out how to produce happier and more obedient children. Im not endorsing t his practice across the board, mind you, just commenting on its ubiquity and general acceptance as a pathway for rehearseing the intimacy and technologies of science to questions of human well being. In the minds of many of our contemporaries cloning humans should be no problem once scientists have be that we can clone animals safely and with beneficial results. But for Christians this is a serious-minded problem, for we understand the Scriptures to teach that human beings are not simply travel animals they are the image-bearers of God, and whatever else that direction, it is a designation unique to human beings, one that animals do not tract (Gen. 126-28). As the image-bearers of God surely we would expect some kinds of deference, some deeper considerations to be given before we apply the fruit of animal research directly to human beings and communities.The reductionist show up of modern evolutionary science to the question of the nature of human beings has, as recently as the last century, led to human disaster on a massive scale. Tyrants of many stripes, having reduced certain humans to a sub-human levelif only because of ethnic, philosophical, or religious differencesfelt no qualms about systematically eradicating those people who had been reduced to sub-human status by their particular worldview. It is not hard to imagine that cloned human beingsfor example, some that might go unlawful could be easily disposed of, like lab rats, or that certain types of human beings, because of deficient gene pools (or whatever), might be disqualified from cloning. And, hey, if they arent worth cloning for the betterment of humankind, then what good are they? I recall Francis Schaeffers chilling observation regarding the straight line from spontaneous abortion to euthanasia of the elderly to culling the population for whatever reason If the fetus gets in the way, ditch it. If the old person gets in the way, ditch it. If you get in the wayHuman degradation and de valuation Finally, the problem of human reductionism leads to the degradation and devaluation of human life. If the human being amounts to little more than a shopping mall of genes, available on demand for the prox betterment of the race, then the genes are more important than any individual carrier thereof. There are scientists today who insist that everything about us, everything we think, do, are, aspire to, or become, is determined by our genes. Find the right genes, the best genes, and learn to control and combine them, and you can make life better for someoneor for their gene pool. It would be easy to lose sight of the forest (the human person) for the sake of the trees (the genes) in such a situation, and we would be back to classifying people by recognizable gene traitslike color of skin or eyes, shape of skull, ability to reason, or whatever anybody in authority determined to be the in demand(predicate) traits. batch would no longer matter, just traitsjust as the you ng people Hitler rounded up for his breeding camps did not matter as individuals, only as possible conveyors of better genes for the future realization of the master race. Further, the fixation on genes can lead us to believe that things like affections, minds, and consciencesthe very stuff of the soul (1 Tim. 15)do not exist, and, thus, need not be taken seriously in seeking to clear up problems relevant to the human situation. When everything can be reduced to genes, we dont need such archaic and useless notions as compassion, self-control, aesthetic delight, forgiveness, love, and the like. All we need are better genes. Well figure out how to make those genes availableperhaps in gel caps or chewable tabletsand youll be better in no time And if such gene therapies dont seem to take hold in you, well then, its unmixed you are beyond help. Your gene pool cant be ameliorated. Well therefore have to rethink your status, what class of humanor subhumanyou might be.And then If human b eings are not the image-bearers of God, if they are only animals, to be manipulated, improved, refined, and, yes, cloned, then there is no reason to think that any of those notions of humanity, humaneness, or human-kindness, ideas that had their origins in the days when we thought otherwise about the kind of beings people are, should have any more utility in the homophile(a) new world we are creating. Which makes it extremely important that Christians not sit out the current debate about cloning. The hubris of science and the momentum of an evolutionary age are stoking the boilers of the cloning industry, and the engine is building steam for a full-speed-ahead-noholds-barred plunge over the cliff and into the abyss of postmodern anthropology. For now, the brakes are set. But the present engineer wont always be in the cabin. The time for Christians to be speaking and working for a change in the consensus of thinking about cloning is now, and, as a precedent president once asked of his cabinet, If not us, who if not now, when?Lets now move to the next part. How was I able to gather the information I have abided aside from my personal statements and analysis? How broad is my resource in collecting the data? Furthermore, what are the boundaries and how large, really, is the topic of human cloning is? These questions will be answered shortly as we go into the next part.Scope and LimitationsBy now, you should have been enlightened to the significance of this research and a far more interesting idea is that, there are still more to be discussed about the topic. If you thought that the research was still lacking sense, let me share to you more details and let us explore the dark areas covered in this research. Thus, in this part, you should be able to understand the scope of my research, before I wrap this with the limitations graphicly set by the topic and also before we form a conclusion to this research. * Arguments for well-nigh people argue that cloning i s the logical next step in reproductive technology. indistinguishable pair offs are natural clones, so reproductive cloning can be regarded as a technological version of a natural process. If a couple are infertile, why shouldnt they be able to produce clones of themselves? If a couple have lost a child, why shouldnt they be able to replace that loved individual with a clone if that is possible? Equally if someone has made a great contribution to science, music, the arts or literature, it seems like a good idea to produce more of them in the hope that we might benefit even more from what would effectively be a much longer working life. What is more, cloning a child could produce a tissue match for treatment of a life-threatening disease.* and againstOthers feel equally strongly that human cloning is alone wrong. With the state of the science as it is at the moment it would involve hundreds of damaged pregnancies to achieve one single live cloned baby. What is more, all the yard s uggests that clones are unhealthy and often have a number of built-in genetic defects which lead to premature ageing and death. It would be completely wrong to bring a child into the world knowing that it was extremely likely to be affected by problems like these. The dignity of human life and the genetic uniqueness we all have would be attacked if cloning became common place. People might be cloned unwillingly we all forsake thousands if not trillions of cells around everyday as we go about our normal lives shedding skin Who will control who gets cloned? Companies are already reservation money storing tissue from dead children and partners until the time that human cloning becomes available. How much scope will there be for unscrupulous dealings if human cloning becomes a reality?* The Politics of Human BiotechnologyHuman genetic and reproductive technologies pose immense challenges for the human future. If used responsibly they offer new ways to treat disease and otherwise imp rove the human condition. If misused, they could exacerbate existing disparities, create new forms of discrimination and inequality, and open the door to high-tech eugenic practices. In short, biotech tools and practices have the power to evoke or undermine individual well-being and public health, to create private fortunes or advance the public interest, and to foster or threaten a just and fair society. New human biotechnologies are being developed very rapidly. Neither the general public nor policy makers are fully aware of the nature and magnitude of the challenges they present. Regulatory oversight is inadequate at both national and outside(a) levels. Few civil society organizations have identified the issues these technologies raise as formerity concerns. The result is an accelerating stream of technological, companionable and commercial facts on the ground new products and industries, cultural icons and images, and concentrations of wealth and influence that undermines the prospect of democratic governance of human biotechnologies. Contrary to many accounts, however, the jinnee is not out of the bottle. The most dangerously consequential biotechnologies have tho to be fully developed and marketed.Influential individuals and institutions are beginning to focus on the risks at hand. Responsible scientists acknowledge the need for strong societal oversight. Many countries have adopted comprehensive policies that can serve as models for others. There is no reason that people of different nations, cultures, religions and philosophies cannot work together in support of policies needed to protect our common human future. grant social oversight and regulation need not impede potentially beneficial medical research and applications. The next decade is a windowpane of opportunity during which we can forge judgments and reach agreements on national and international policies that will allow us to reap the benefits and avoid the risks of these powerful bi otechnologies. * Human CloningAnimal cloning has produced some remarkable results within the last few years, which has suggested to some that there should be a way to produce a human clone within the next year. Many news articles have appeared recently highlighting the potential to clone a human baby in order to replace a loved one who died as a newborn. Many social, moral, and ethical arguments have been raised in opposition to copying a person. For more details see AMAs 1999 CEJA Report The Ethics of Cloning (PDF, 41KB). But perhaps more important is the concern that we do not fully understand the science throne the successes from animal cloning experiments. Animal cloning success (and failure)Dolly, the sheep, was the first successfully cloned mammal (I. Wilmut et al., Nature 1997385810). Since 1997, gradual improvements in cloning technology have enabled researchers to generate mouse, cattle, goat, pig, deer, rabbit, cat, mule, and horse clones. While there have been no substan tiated evidence for the cloning of humans, recent successes by South Korean researchers in generating stem cells from cloned human embryos (WS Hwang et al., Science 2005) have heightened concerns that this scenario is not beyond the realm of possibility. In spite of recent technological advances, animal cloning remains extremely inefficient.For every 100 experiments only one, two, or if lucky, perhaps three appear to produce a viable offspring in surrogate mothers. While scientific explanations for these failures remain to be defined, many researchers feel they represent zip more than technical hurdles that will one day be solved. Even then its survival beyond the perinatal accomplishment is unlikely. These is no reason to believe that any different outcomes will occur if and when human cloning begins. A quick lesson in cloning technologyBefore going into the details of why these abnormalities are thought to occur, it is important to have a basic fellow feeling of what in ess ence happens in order to clone an animal. First, a donor cell is found, which has its original DNA extracted and discarded. Next is the addition of a nucleus from the desired animal that is to be cloned. The third step involves implanting the combined cell into the animal that the donor cell was appropriated from. Understanding the abnormalitiesThis part of the puzzle is as but unsolved, but theories do point us in some tangible directions. Scientists believe that the end point cloning abnormalities are not traceable to the donor nuclei, but more likely explanations involve failures in genomic reprogramming. Genomic reprogramming in the natural way prior to embryogenesis (i.e., without cloning technology) involves a stage of development of the sperm and the egg known as gametogenesis, which can take months to years to develop a mature gamete. This process is sped up during cloning, and takes only minutes to hours. The process of configuring the exact state of the inner workings of the cell including such complex processes as methylation of the DNA may not be even out for the development of the embryo.Methylation of DNA and other complex functions are now known to be essential to the correct functioning of each human cell, since they ultimately control gene expression. And thus successful cloning may be dependent upon the donated DNA being correctly altered to the state of an early embryo. It is thought by some cloning experts that failure of the nuclear clones to produce viable offspring is receivable to inappropriate reprogramming of cells, which leads to unregulated gene expression. Screening tools, do they exist?Because of experience with animal clones, it is reasonable to conclude that future human cloning experiments will have the same high failure rates. The public has heard reassurance that the possibility of performing antenatal genetic screening exists as a way to control quality. If these groups plan on using current routine prenatal diagnos is for the detection of chromosomal and/or other genetic abnormalities, they will not detect the types of epigenetic disturbances that may occur with cloning. There are no extra tools in the developmental pipeline to help improve detection. affirmable reaction to human cloning failuresBesides the public outrage that would keep an eye on human cloning failures would in turn hinder science and genetics, research in areas such as embryonic stem cells for the repair of variety meat and tissues could be negatively impacted. Research is ongoing to develop reprogramming of certain cells to turn into specific tissues types, which could regenerate nerve, muscle, and other cell types, alleviating Parkinsons, Alzheimers, and heart disease among other chronic illnesses. The potential benefits of therapeutic cell cloning are enormous, and this research should not be jeopardized with human cloning activities. LegislationSince early 1997 the United States National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) has been looking at the complex issues that smother this controversial subject. NBAC reached a conclusion in 1997, when it reported back to (Former) President Clinton, that a moratorium on human cloning would be advisable. The moratorium, which is supported by the AMA, suggests that no Federal funds be allocated for human cloning. Senator Ben Campbell (R-Co) offered a bill (April, 2001) in the Senate to bar human cloning, which will ban any attempts to clone humans, regardless of whether government or private funds are used to finance the research. If this law is violated, the penalty would be up to ten years in jail and a fine of up to $10 million. An concomitant House bill has been introduced (H.R. 1260) by Rep. Brian Kerns (R-In). White House officials have indicated that President Bush would support legislation outlawing human cloning. Bills Introduced to Congress* H.R.2560 Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2007* H.R.2564 Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2007* S. 812 Human Cloning Ban and Stem Cell Research Protection Act of 2007 The International PerspectiveThere is as little consensus among nations as there is among Congress members when it comes to the issue of cloning. In fact, nations are so divided that the United Nations abandoned efforts to create a worldwide treaty on human cloning. Instead, in 2005 the U.N. adopted a resolution aiming to provide guidance to countries attempting to baffle at a position on cloning and stem cell research. Many nations, including the UK, China, and South Africa, have explicitly prohibited reproductive cloning while allowing research cloning. Fewer nations have explicitly prohibited research cloning, which (as of 2006) is allowed in 10 countries.Human Cloning Theories & Further depth psychology (Answering questions why cloning should not be prohibited.) Medical breakthroughs Human cloning technology is expected to result in several miraculous medical breakthroughs. We may be able to redress cancer if cloning leads to a better understanding of cell differentiation. Theories exist about how cloning may lead to a cure for heart attacks, a whirling in cosmetic surgery, organs for organ transplantation, and predictions abound about how cloning technology will save thousands of lives. You can read about many of the expected medical benefits in the essay The Benefits of Human Cloning. Medical tragedies Many people have suffered accidental medical tragedies during their livelinesss. Read about a daughter who needs a kidney, a burn victim, a girl born with cosmetic deformities, a man who needs a liver, a woman who is infertile because of cancer, and a father who lost his only son.All these people favor cloning and want the science to proceed. To cure infertility unfruitful people are discriminated against. Men are made to feel like they are not real men. Women are made to feel as if they are useless barren vessels. Worse, being infertile is often not considered a real medical probl em and insurance companies and governments are not sympathetic. The current options for infertile couples are painful, expensive, and heart-breaking. Cloning has the potential to change the world for infertile couples almost overnight. To fund research People whose lives have been destroyed or have not been able to reproduce in this lifetime due to tragedy could arrange to have their DNA continued and fund research at the same time. For example A boy graduates from high school at age 18. He goes to a pool company to celebrate.He confuses the deep end and shallow end and dives head first into the pool, breaking his neck and becoming a quadriplegic. At age 19 he has his first urinary tract infection because of an indwelling urinary catheter and continues to suffer from them the rest of his life. At age 20 he comes down with herpes zoster of the trigeminal nerve. He suffers chronic unbearable pain. At age 21 he inherits a 10 million long horse trust fund. He never marries or has children. At age 40 after hearing about Dolly being a clone, he changes his will and has his DNA stored for future human cloning. His future mother will be awarded one million dollars to have him and raise him. His DNA clone will inherit a trust fund. He feeds five million to spinal cord research. He dies feeling that although he was robbed of normal life, his play off/clone will lead a better life. Bad parents Did your parents destroy your life? Were they alcoholic, child-beating molesters? Did you never have a chance? Interestingly, human cloning allows you the opportunity to participate in choosing the parents for your clone. A Childs right to be better than its parents Its been suggested that parents have a duty to see that their children have better lives than they do. This may mean making our children live longer, component them to be resistant to cancer, heart disease, any familial diseases, and all the other problems that can be cured using what we learn from human clon ing technology.To take a step towards immortality Human cloning essentially means taking a human beings DNA and reversing its age back to zero. Dr. Richard Seed, one of clonings leading proponents, hopes that cloning will help us understand how to reverse DNA back to age 20 or whatever age we want to be. Cloning would be a step towards a fountain of youth. To make a future couple financially secure With human cloning you could give a couple in the future both a child from your DNA and the financial assets from your lifetime to start out financially secure instead of struggling as most couples do now. Because you believe in freedom Freedom sometimes means having tolerance for others and their beliefs. In America, some people believe gun control and some dont. nearly people believe in one religion and others in another. In a free society we know that we must tolerate some views that we dont agree with so that we all may be free. For this reason human cloning should be allowed. To be a better parent Human cloning can improve the parent-child relationship. Raising a clone would be like having a child with aninstruction manual.You would have a head start on the needs and talents of your child. We are not reflexion that a clone would be a carbon copy with no individuality. Our talents and desires are genetic, developmental, and environmental. We would have a head start on understanding the genetic component of a cloned child. Endangered species could be saved through and through the research leading up to human cloning we will consummate(a) the technology to clone animals, and thus we could forever preserve endangered species, including human beings. Animals and plants could be cloned for medical purpo ses Through the research leading up to human cloning, we should discover how to clone animals and plants to produce life-saving medications. You want your clone to lead the life that was meant to be yours The Human Cloning Foundation has been surprised by the number of people that write to say that they would like to have a clone so that it may lead the life that was meant to be theirs.Typically, these are people who have suffered some terrible physical or mental checkout and feel robbed of the opportunities they should have had in life. Some see this life as a sacrifice so that the life of their clone may be enriched. To have a better sense of identity If we had some information about ourselves, perhaps we could sooner or better discovery who we are. A clone would have access to a tremendous amount of information about his or her parent that could greatly help in understanding ones psyche and physical attributes. All of this information could provide a better sense of identity. Because so many people want cloning Please read the dozens of essays by people from all over the world in support of human cloning and published by the Human Cloning Foundation. Religious Freedom At least two religions, the Raelian Religion and the Sum mum Religion, believe in cloning as one of their tenets. Because of the special relationship that twins have Twins often have very special relationships. While many people go through their lives never having a special relationship with another person, there are stories of twins in which they are so close they are perhaps psychically connected.More than one person has written the Human Cloning Foundation (including a twin that feels close to her identical twin) that since a clone is virtually the equivalent of an identical twin, they suspect a very special relationship would exist between a clone and its DNA parent. Some twins describe their twin relationship as more wondrous and meaningful any other relationship in their lives. Economics Countries that fail to research human cloning will suffer sparingally. The industrial revolution and Internet revolutions enriched the United States of America. Biotechnology will lead the next economic revolution. Those countries that jump in first will reap the rewards. Those who fail to begin research right away will fall behind. As an example Japan failed to jump on the Internet bandwagon and is now playing catch-up.Japan has banned human cloning and will probably suffer by falling behind during the biotech revolution. One day in the not too far distant future, Japan may realize its mistake. Gay couples From one of our readers gay couples go through so muchnot to touch all the controversywhen they decide that they are ready for a baby. People question their right to bring a child that technically isnt related to them into a lifestyle that falls below societies views of normal..human cloning could allow two gay men to take 23 chromosomes from each male and put them into a single egg to truly have a baby of their own. also two gay women could use this technology to conceive a child of their own using their individual 23 chromosomes. (To our knowledge the type of reproduction described here has not yet been done, bu t someday it will probably be possible.) A cure for baldness From one of our readers But how about the possibility of using cloning technology to get more hair on a bald scalp. For example cloning can be used to get more hair from a few sample hair follicles or grafts from the longanimouss head and then grow them.later transplant the grafts where it is needed.This will clear the need to do an incision in back of the scalp for donor hair and will literally give the patient MORE hair. Because the roam will demand it Those resisting human cloning research will probably find themselves shouted down by the sick and the maimed who urgently need such research. Human cloning technology promises to cure many or all incurable diseases and the moral weight of the dying and flea-bitten will undoubtedly sway the politicians more than the arguments of the healthy, who often remain stupid of the potential of human cloning, because they have never been motivated by pitiful to look desperate ly for a cure. Hope On the Charlie Rose telecasting show on February 14th, 2001, three anti-cloners debated against one reporter. The anti-cloners made the case for stem cell research while alleging that cloning itself would not result in any major scientific breakthroughs.It is likely that the anti-cloners are quite wrong. discipline the process of reprogramming, differentiation, and dedifferentiation is likely to result in just as many medical miracles as stem cell research. The two lines of research go hand in hand and should complement each other. The three anti-cloners came across as people who would destroy hope. The kept alleging that things were impossible. They reminded me of the same types of people who proclaimed that cloning was impossible years ago. Furthermore, they seemed happy and willing to take away the hope of infertile couples and others with severe diseases that human cloning technology might one day lessen their suffering or save their lives. The anti-cl oners also seemed to feel that they had the ability to predict the timing and course of science advancement, which narrative has shown to be folly. Living on through a later-born twin Some childless people feel that by being cloned by their later-born twin would help them or their DNA to live on in the same sense that people who have children live on.Alright So I think I am able to gather credible information/data regarding this research. To wrap things up, human cloning may or may not be trammel to the information contained in this research. The best thing to do if you are still skeptical about this research is to conduct your own and compare it with this one, or make this your guide to better understand the human cloning topic. Such a broad topic cannot be summarize in a few pages such as this, if Im contradicting myself there, you might as well think of it deeply and you may have the answer too, that in its own way, really, human cloning may be explained as simply as process o f creating copies of actual human beings or as complex as the information presented. testimony/ConclusionThis is where I get to share to you my own views, opinions, analysis, criticisms, and other things required to form an excellent conclusion to this brilliant topic. Human Cloning had really piqued my interest and in some way, I cannot have enough of it for myself. My testimonial is that, if youre not satisfied with this, please do make yourself easygoing by conducting your own research, and making your own research paper about the topic.To make this brief, I really am a skeptic so I am not easily sucked into the gravity or concreteness of the information/data I have acquired. I mean, I do not easily decide whether something should be approved or not. Being a student of course, is both advantageous and disadvantageous in understanding the concept of this topic. But Im not saying that my understanding is limited only in a short extent. What I mean, is that I cannot give a defini te answer to the question I am about to leave. Instead, I can only share to you my ideas about the topic, which, I already did by discussing to you this research in both narrative and informative fall apart of way.Therefore, I have reached the conclusion that the understanding of the topic is still unequivocally relative to whoever reads this. I choose to let the sense of conclusion lessen through the minds of the readers, thus making this conclusion, conclusive based on the understanding of each people who read this research paper of mind. Let me leave to you my final question to clone? Or not to clone?