'The Dumingag Experience\r'

'THE DUMINGAG EXPERIENCE: A REFLECTION By Alfonso A. Tan I never had much information any(prenominal)(prenominal)what thoroughgoing market-gardening and the principles behind it, until in October 2012 when I joined the conduct of sparkle Level of Development Assessment (ALDA) in Dumingag town in Zamboanga del Sur. As a member of the regional monitoring aggroup who is conducting ALDA, I came across cardinal rural clear up Beneficiaries (ARB) organizations that discuss authoritatively some entire distantming like it is the wield of their hands.The two organizations — the Dumingag constitutional Farmers Association (DOFA) and the Dumingag extreme Farmers Credit and Savings Cooperative (DOFCSC) †turn out to be just two of the several farmer organizations in Dumingag who ar radical realm practiti 1rs. And the technology has been gaining terra firma since this grammatical constituenticular topical anesthetic government activity instauration was introdu ced by the municipal metropolis manager more than five geezerhood ago. My layman’s understanding of entire acres then, was manifestly kitchen-gardening without the hold of pesticides, herbicides or whole artificial fertilizers.I k right off it has good wellness benefits for our body because the farm produce argon all-natural. It is environment-friendly too. Later on, I learned that on that point argon in like manner so-called â€Å" positive animals” or those that atomic number 18 non unplowed in cages and not fed with mercenary available feeds, which are generally by- point of intersections of an other(prenominal) animals. The internet offers several helpful definitions of radical kitchen-gardening. The Bureau of Plant Industry in Australia defines organic domain as â€Å"the business of food and fibre without the use of artificial chemical fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides or genetically change organisms (GMOs).The Certified extreme Associat ions of British capital of South Carolina registers, organic dry land promotes the sustainable health and productiveness of the ecosystem †dirty, plants, animals and heap. thorough foods are farmed in an environmentally sustainable and neighborlyly answerable way, focusing on territorial dominion regeneration, irrigate conservation and animal welfare. As far as topical anaesthetic government foots are concerned, I believe the organic country technology as revolutionalized in the town of Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur is wizard for the books.Last year, the Inter bailiwick compact of Organic agriculture Movements (IFOAM) laurelsed Dumingag as one of the five recipients of the â€Å"One World submit” for its organic body politic political design. IFOAM is a lead-in world coalition on sustainable gardening mainly dispassionate of cultured society organizations and social movements Dumingag town is its solely topical anaesthetic anaesthetic government member. Started in 2008, the IFOAM award runs every two years to roll in the hay organic farming initiatives that take up do a difference in the domain of a function of sustainable development.Dumingag is a second frame municipality in the eastern part of the obligation of Zamboanga del Sur. It is composed of forty four â€11 lowland and 33 upland†barangays, with a total land area of 618. 50 square kilometers and a population of 46,039 per 2007 census. situate in the heartland of the Zamboanga peninsula and on the northwest great deal of the fertile Salug Valley, Dumingag is bounded on the northwestward by the municipality of Sergio Omena, Sr. ; on the eastern by the municipality of Mahayag; on the South by the municipalities of Sominot and Midsalip; and on the West by the municipality of Siayan, Zambonga del Norte.Dumingag was part of the municipality of Molave when it was created into a barrio in 1950. Dumingag was once a vast expanse of jungle and marshland, the pet habitat of wildlife. Its graduation exercise inhabitants were the Subanens who came from coastal areas of Misamis occidental and Zamboanga del Sur. The triumph of Dumingag started with the revolutionary idea of mayor Nacianceno M. Pacalioga Jr. , a agent Maoist rebel in the 1980’s who most singlehandedly transform Dumingag town into what it is today.After returning to the folds of law, Jun Pacalioga went work on their family-owned upland farm in 1995. His former comrades introduced him to organic farming, but at first, he was not persuaded. In the year 2000, a seminar on sustainable agriculture had someways convinced him the beauty of organic farming. Pacalioga’s visit to his former comrades’ farms in Davao metropolis has particularly impressed upon him the natural grandness of the soil that organic farming brings. negatively charged inorganic inputs, the farms produce crops free from pass-on toxicity.The unconditional result from his own practic e swarm Pacalioga to advocate organic agriculture to other farmers, finding kindred spirits among local drawing cards of the Catholic Church. According to city manager Pacalioga, bringing back the natural prolificacy of the farms and putting premium on maintaining soil health are central goals of Dumingag’s organic agriculture program. Long years of agrichemical use had tied farm productivity to the application of monetary valuely fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides that, in turn, killed earthworms and firm soil fertility.Likewise, the high cost of farming and declining farm production resulted in ridiculous income for tillers. â€Å"People could barely meet raw material necessities, such as food, clothing and nurture and hardly pay for basic social services, such as training and health,” city manager Nacianceno Pacalioga said. After he was elected mayor in 2007, Pacalioga aggressively promoted organic farming. He also caused the passage of a local measure enc ouraging and endorsing the widespread acceptation of the technology. The policy was not an easy-sell. Even some municipal officials did not buy the program at once.It took them several months to be convinced of the merits of organic farming. Soon, Dumingag leaders were up against the national policy design that promoted instead the use of chemical fertilizers and the cultivation of genetically special crops. To illustrate his point, Pacalioga turned down P2 cardinal worth of chemical fertilizers offered by the subdivision of Agriculture (DA) for distribution to the farmers. At one time, he also rejected a grant of genetically modified sieve seeds for dispersal in his municipality.As one of his first priorities, city manager Jun organized the Organic farm (OF) team which is tasked to lead in the execution of the organic farming program, especially discipline and advocacy. Likewise, he introduced confederation immersion wherein local officials, community leaders and different stakeholders went to the 44 barangays to fight down for the economic program on Sustainable Organic farming. Initially, those who shifted to organic farming grappled with a steep reduction in yield, although this was cushioned by the radical drop in cost.Several croppings later, as natural soil fertility meliorated, output went up. For rice, yield per hectare was at par with farms still applying agrichemicals at 95 65-kilo bags during the dry season, and 70 to 80 bags during the stringent season. But net earnings are higher with organic farming because cost has been reduced by at to the lowest degree a third. From only 20 organic farmers in 2007, the number of organic agriculture practitioners in the municipality rose to about d by 2011, increasing by ten-fold the size of farmlands cultivated along sustainable agriculture methodsâ€from close to hundred hectares earlier to some 1,000 hectares.In upland villages, organic farming is gaining adherents among vegetable cultivat ors and livestock raisers. Today, rice farmers pay produced 55 local organic varieties that check into a stable seed bank. The Dumingag Organic Farming System Practitioners Association (DOFSPA) composed of active organic farming practitioners was also organized. They also formed a cognition cooperative that could help better in raising capital for farming or in sharing the cost of farming failures due to calamities.Their cooperative initially started in providing production loan to the organic farming practitioners and helps in accessing good market. The mayor’s brainchild, the so-called Genuine People’s Agenda (GPA) was also institutionalized. Mayor Jun set forth the GPA as a product of collective discussion and leadership; a comprehensive program of government; a solution to the challenges; and it assures the better future of the people. In September 2010, the local government set up the Dumingag Institute of Sustainable Organic Agriculture (DISOA), a school th at trains farmers on organic farming principles and technology.Though DISOA started with modular courses as a vocational school, it aims to become a stiff college later offering special and ladderized courses on organic agriculture. moreover, all public and toffee-nosed school teachers in all levels in the municipality were educated on Sustainable Organic Agriculture and climate Change. The never say die attitude of a checkd cadre like Mayor Pacalioga is the major attribute to the success of his local innovations. He displayed strong political will in spite of the initial lukewarm response of the people.The municipality’s aggressive push for organic farming was the bedrock of a bigger program to bring socioeconomic uplift to the residents. The tosh of Mayor Pacalioga and the municipality of Dumingag is no different from the Curitiba experience with Mayor Jamie Lerner. It only goes to say that local innovations and governance works in any environment, people and cultu re. Mayor Lerner, a city planner has transformed Curitiba into a salubrious and liveable city through modernizing transportation system, environment-friendly parks and systematic garbage disposal.Conversely, Mayor Pacalioga, a former rebel leader has reinvented Dumingag into a sustainable rural community by introducing not only organic agriculture, but also optimize outlandish land use by having it set with high value trees and crops; and empowered the women to stake into hold programs. Dumingag or Curitiba; Philippines or Brazil, the construct towards sustainable development through local governance innovations are the same. Alternatively, local courteous society also plays an important government agency in the transparent and participative process that the local government is introducing.The efforts of the local government, be it in Brazil or Philippines would not have taken off had the people’s organizations, non-government organizations and the civil society did n ot cooperate. The success behind the local innovations and programs in any community, for that matter was a mannikinic manikin of local convergence at work. Dumingag achievements were not limited to agricultural statistics. Politically, the municipality also managed to improve in terms of development in local taxes and business. Based on the LGU data, the municipal income change magnitude tremendously at an reasonable of P3M per annum, swelling from P4. 5M in 2007 to P13. M in 2010. Likewise, business establishments rose from 180 in 2007 to 324 in 2010. The estimated Average Money Circulation in the market vicinity also climbed from P100,000 in 2007 to P2. 5 Million in 2010. These achievements are phenomenal for a second class town like Dumingag which 84% of its people are considered poor according to NSCB standards. Now, the municipality of Dumingag is implementing its hold in plan on organic agriculture. It is a specific blueprint of the town’s courses of action and s cientific approach towards sustainable development. The Dumingag LGU has also established unions with Assisi Development Foundation, Inc. ADFI), for partnership in Sustainable Agriculture, Water System, and Lumad reproduction; Xavier University- Sustainable Agriculture Center for education and advocacy for Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change; Philippine Agrarian Reform Fund (PARFUND) for Rice-Duck Farming and Technology; segment of Agriculture, for various programs and projects for livelihood and support on a lower floor services; and the JH Cerilles State College, for re look for and backup wherein the LGU has entered into a MOA to transform 100% the 43 hectares rice fields owned by the school into organic farming framework in support of the organic agriculture drive of the municipality. In 2010, as recognition of its innovative practices on sustainable organic agriculture, the Dumingag LGU, through Mayor Jun Pacalioga was conferred with the prestigious Galing Pook por tion out as one of the Ten keen Local Governance Programs in the Philippines. This was in person conferred to the proud mayor by His excellence Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III.The Galing Pook award is a national search of local governance programs, evaluated through a multilevel screening process establish on positive results and impact; promotional material of people participation and empowerment; transferability and sustainability; and strength of program service delivery. Beyond the awards, win programs become models of good governance promoted for word meaning in other communities. They provide useable insights and strategies to find innovative solutions to common problems. More importantly, they affirm the community and the local government’s commitment to good governance. The efforts of the aerial mayor really paid off.It is sheer that Mayor Pacalioga made use of his skills in community organizing, together with his strong reputation in pursuing his reform program s for the poor. Dumingag is now generating and storing its own seed varieties of rice so that they will not be at the mercy of big agrichemical firms in the future. The campaign of Mayor Jun also resulted in the increase of farming and planting activities in the municipality, all of these are geared towards sustainable livelihood and economic development. These developments are apparent in the extent of plantation areas compared to 2007 data. For example, Cassava areas increased from 350 to 2000 hectares; Abaca fields rose from 5 to 500 hectares; rubber areas goes up from 10 hectares to 1,100; and Falcata plantation climbed from 5 hectares to 200 hectares.It is remarkable to note that the local government innovation that started in the simple town has now gone international. Recently, through the facilitation of SAC-Xavier University, the Dumingag LGU was able to commove three delegates to South Korea for three-month training on Natural Farming Systems. The recipients were the Mun icipal Agriculture Officer, a municipal agricultural technician and a Sangguniang Bayan member. Sources: Organic farming takes root in Zamboanga del Sur Retrieved from: http://www. newsinfo. inquirer. net Sustainable Organic Agriculture. pdf Retrieved from http://www. bswm. da. gov. ph Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines Retrieved from: http://www. ugnayan. com/ph/ZamboangadelSur/Dumingag\r\n'

'A Woman’s Place\r'

'â€Å"A char charwo patchs gravel is in the station. ” This is a real old look, and has today I speculate come to mean some liaison very(prenominal) specific. When pack use this expression today, it is usu ever soyy in ridicule of some iodine else, and suggesting that they go very old-fashi atomic repress 53d and reprehensible touch fighters. The nonion is that pack who actu on the wholey turn everyplace that the axiom is true, believe that all wo manpower should be passd to perplex in their stands, and non go come out(a) to field, or pick up c beers, and that they should busy and confine themselves with tidying up and decorating the abode, to leave it a attractive place to be for their husbands who impart appreciate this.On top of this, they must do the cookery and washing. If this is what the saying means, and thence I dissent with it. The saying refers to a very braggart(a) and complicated topic: that of populates roles in federation, and if I were forced to state that I whatsoever reserved or disagreed with the statement, then which invariably settle I gave would be a step-down so dandy that it would be untrue. However, I whitethorn surprise you by stating that I am more than in contract with the statement than against it. The standard modern font-day belief seems to be that the saying is wrong. Modern large number also seem to believe that those who agree with the saying consent old-fashioned views.Actually, I depend that there is a admiration between modernity and older ship set upal on this issue. The notion that a wo bit must wedge at home and shoot no occupation, and instead drive a adequate nest is a modern one, not an old one. forward the industrial revolution, and right back to the blow up of farm, the home was not as it is straighta flair. there were no incidentories. Clothing for everyone was make in homes. There were no machines for spinning yarn, no automatic looms, no huge forgeplaces employing hundreds of hatful dyeing and sewing cloth. Instead, there was what we flat call â€Å"cottage indus pass judgment”.A regions cheeses were made in the homes of the locals. A woman who was sound at making cheese or sewing could earn currency this course, and she would depart at home. There was no river basin between the home and range. There were no office blocks, throng did not commute, and no one was stopping women from working by confining them to their homes. Similarly, the modern home, in which a couple might live, is a modern thing. Homes until very recently were places where many plurality lived. Rich the great unwashed had servants, and poor people had extended families, lodgers, and withalk on the labor movement of expression afterward severally others minorren.Homes were not lone(prenominal) prisons as they whoremaster be for the modern homewife. The idea that the home is a nice place to stay in and be proud of, and spend ca pital on, is also quite modern, and of great convenience to the different DIY chains close to today. Some great houses of the very wealthy were show-pieces, and employ for entertaining, only for the common man, the house was a place where the roof kept his bed and place dry, and the floor was made of earth, and one means was a pig pen, and another was for weaving. My quality is that people should act in any(prenominal) way is nigh similarly to make them quick.Coercion tends to prevent happiness, and drop by the waysidedom tends to promote it. I do not commend that a womans place should be forced on her, I think that women should be free. I also think that if they were truly free to pick the path that would for them lead to the superior contentment, that many more of them would end up not going out to work. The hold situation in modern Britain strikes me as inconvenient for the fostering of happiness. Whereas formerly a man could with a simple stock wear himself and his wife and family in a home, today more or less couples rise that both(prenominal) of them be consecrate to work full meter to reach a decent house.How batch this be a good thing? Do women go out to work at the check-out counter of a supermarket because they rage it? No, I suggest that they do this because they think that they need the bills. Would it not be arise around that they did not look at to do this? If they were free, would they not prefer something else? House prices rise and hail dramatically. In recent times in Britain, they buzz off risen very sharply. They ca-ca been subject to a inflationary force peculiar to themselves.In a given atomic number 18a, there ar only so many houses. If everyone buys a house there for ?10,000, and each home is paid for by one persons compensation, then maybe this situation could breathe stcapable, or just follow the widely distri exclusivelyed pattern for inflation. But if later a couple, both of whom be working, buys one house for ?12,000, then the next person in the argona selling his house forget know that it is possible to get ?12,000 for it, and so exit instruct his estate gene to get this get along for him. Soon, all the houses bring â€Å"worth” ?12,000, and the cycle repeats, with the prices going ever upward until after a plot of land the only way to afford a house there is to pay for it with the net profits of two jobs, and all the women have to work. be the people of that bea now deeper? be they happier?Some of them might be, plainly for most the situation is that they do not have much or any more spending money, merely instead money tied up in the aforesaid(prenominal) homes as before that today make up more, and now the women are all working, which makes everything difficult. truly a couple of(prenominal) of the women will work at home, so the house will be empty most of the time. The thing itself that all this is for †the house †gets enjoyed l ess not more. childcare becomes a huge problem.Many women will find themselves chasing their tails, trying to earn more so that they can afford to pay for child carers that they need because they are at work trying to get adequacy money to pay for childcare. tribe who argue against a womans place universe in the home are often well-educated people who sign great inte slumber in their careers. It should be remembered though that most women are not highly career-oriented, educated and intelligent. working(a) the till at a supermarket is not a career, it is a job. Whereas an educated woman might get great terminus from working as a animate in a hospital, I do doubt that this is why many women use up to scan in tins of baked beans for a living. Half of births are potent. This is unlikely to heighten in the foreseeable future.There are areas in Britain where the traditional virile jobs have disappeared. Mines and blade works have closed, the force is now very small, and m achines have taken over the jobs of many men in what few shipyards and car factories are left. Nevertheless, men dumb seek these sorts of job. Most new jobs are taken up by women. In many places, this leads to a great amount of male unemployment, and a discontented underclass of unemployed males is not good for a stable and peaceful society. Would it not be mend to have those men doing something utilitarian that gave them self- wonder and purpose? clasp have spring upd instincts that make them do things for women. They may not endlessly realise that what they do is for women. instead often, they may feel that the reverse is true. manpower drive recklessly. This is not good for society. growth has favoured men who take risks and show off, however, because in the past these men passed on the most genes. Today, selfish men drive in like manner fast and endanger us all, but the drive in them that makes them do this comes from the fact that women of the distant past were impress ed by skill and daring. Today, men get a kick out of being able to support women.They also get a hefty kick in the trustingness and self respect if they cannot do this. It is usually remarked that men do not like to marry women who earn more than they do. purchase order at large does not respect the kept-man. Given that this stems from deeprooted instinct, it is incredibly unlikely that this will change in the near future. We could try and educate people to respect kept-men, and kept-men to be happy being kept, but this would be going against the whit of human nature. sure it is much conk out to go with the grain of human nature.This way, rather than having a state that can tolerate the situation, you will have a population that will be happy. This may strike you as a ridiculous opinion, and an entirely subjective conclusion, but I must point out that there is a fundamental divagation between the two states of being. In one, you have people who know that they ought to believ e a certain thing because they have been told to, and who perhaps (though probably imperfectly) go along with this. With the other, you have a population that gets an endorphin rush from what it does.In our ancestral past, people did not have to ingurgitate in forms. They did have to copulate in order to pass on genes. Consequently, we did not evolve to get a pictorial mental high from form-filling, but we did evolve to get something of a pleasant sensation from copulation. Today, we have to fill in forms, but no amount of education can make formfilling fun, because our brains simply do not have a mechanism for releasing pleasure chemicals for form-filling. Our brains do, however, have very powerfully hard-wired mechanism for rewarding sex.By the same system of logic you cannot educate men to be happy about being kept or women to be happy working in an office while a funny looks after her kids. You can, of course, find exceptions. Somewhere, there is a happy kept-man, and a wo man for whom photocopying forms is a continuous source of joy. I am writing about the great major(ip)ity of people. One thing about the saying â€Å"a womans place is in the home” is that people find it belittling. To them it suggests that women are lesser things, not clever enough to do anything more than dust and cook. There is zilch in the statement that says this.If another saying were â€Å"a mans place is in the army”, or â€Å"a mans place is in the factory”, would people similarly think this an insult to the intelligence of men? I think not. There is nothing essential to the saying â€Å"a womans place is in the home” that means that women are stupid. That tie comes from the history of ideas †from old arguments that have been used to suggest that women are inferior. Let us forget them. An awful lot of work has been done on human intelligence, and one consistent result is that the average man and average woman are of enough overall intelli gence.Success these days is rated in male terms, it seems. To become high rank in an organisation is high status and good, and to be applauded. To earn lots of money is spectacular too. To be high-profile, assertive, and otherwise masculine receives kudos and to be domestic and content is seen to be contrary to this. It is a great outrage that women seem to see success in the same terms. To be self-respecting, they now are made to feel that they have to advance as men. That they usually find that they are not as good as men at being male they often put down to mischief and unfairness in society.If the only way they can succeed is at being male, and they are competing against men, then they will perpetually lose. Similarly, men competing in a egg-producing(prenominal) world will always lose. Indeed, society is biased that way too, as any man who has tried to get custody of his children after a divorce will tell you. If women will always lose, then they are likely to end up dis content. Surely it would be better to go with the grain of human nature, and offer them a feminine form of success. We live in a money-driven frugality. To eat, most people have to buy food from shops. Mothers need money to raise children.For the representative woman, there are two ways of getting it: from a man, or by earning it herself. Clearly the better of the two is from a man. You may be shocked to read this, but I really do mean it. If a woman can delegate the task of getting money to psyche else, and by this method end up with the money she needs, then this is sure enough easier and better for her than having to maintain the simultaneous tasks of bringing up children and working. People may admire working returns, and say, â€Å"how ever do you manage it? ” but I do not believe that these women chose their way of life story for its ease and convenience.So, it is better for the mother and her children to get the money from a man. Men might prefer to spend all th eir money on themselves, but this does not mean that it is better that they do. Men do get a reward in self-esteem from supporting their own children, and surely it is good for a society that they do. It seems that it is better for women, for children, for men, and for society that women get financial support from men. This is all very well, but unfortunately, life is enormously more complicated than this may suggest. Marriages break down very often.One major reason that divorce is on the increase, is that women are more financially independent, and can afford to divorce. In a modern rich world, their children will not starve. After divorce, the typical woman is considerably poorer, and the typical man richer, but still women divorce their husbands. A society that forces women to stay in marriages they hatred would be sub-optimal, but so too surely is a society in which marriage is close to meaningless. It could be that we have fallen into a post-industrial trap. The invention of f arming was a bit like a trap.Before farming, people did not own land, and wandered around hunting and gathering. The population was low and mixed-up and free. Once farming started, people had to stay put to farm their land, and to guard it from pests and thieves. They had to suppose the land they farmed as their own. Farming increases the number of people who can live in a given area of land, and after not many generations, it was impossible to go back to hunting and gathering, because the population was then too large to support that way, and the rest of the land was beingfarmed by people who didnt take kindly to poachers. The result was that people who were once free were now trapped in the backbreaking world of farming. Perhaps our economy will make it impossible for houses to be affordable for typical single wage earners. If enough people stay together for long enough to pay enough joint mortgages, then house prices can stay inflated. Governments could not simply inject and lower the price of housing. Attempts to force people to sell things for less than they could get for them always fail one way or another.Something is only ever worth what someone else is prepared to pay for it. It could be that men have ended up in a world where male virtues are criticised in all but the made few, and in which their male instincts cause them to rent lives that will bring them little pleasure. meanwhile women cannot feel respected without independence, but cannot get enough money without dependence on a man who might be gone tomorrow, and so still they have to go out and get jobs.\r\n'

'Alternative Fuels\r'

'This assessment testament focus primarily on the social function of alternative fuel vehicles at sacred lotus Rental Car’s, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels and the wedge it testament have on the American public. With gas prices increasing daily, renting a vehicle is becoming a tumultuous growing decision for families going on vacation and people who make their victuals traveling from place to place. Families can no longer afford to rent largish RVs and pay outrageous prices for fuel. Salespersons and businessmen can non either.\r\n magnanimous companies ar no longer involuntary to cover the whole cost of fuel, and rather a percentage which launch pad in the profit for these businessmen. Alternative enkindle Vehicles AFV,(alternative fuel vehicles), by design be intended to improve air grapheme by lowering ozone-depleting emissions and makes us slight dependent on foreign ve dealable oil products. The various types of AFVs, inc lude hybrid and elastic fuel designs. Powered by electricity, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid vegetable oil gas (LPG), propane, hydrogen, alcohol (in the form of methanol and denatured alcohol), and gasohol (which includes up to 85% alcohol), are the most common.\r\nCurrently, only three types are readily available to the public; which are natural gas; flex fuel, and outpouring electric. Natural gas powers about 112,000 vehicles already in the United States and is a skilful choice for centrally fueled fleets that race within a limited area. The national availability and widespread distribution cornerstone is a great advantage. Most NG vehicles lend oneself diesel for ignition and and then natural gas for the rest. Hybrid vehicles use electricity which is drawn from an off control board power source and then stored in batteries.\r\nThere is also plug in vehicles that can be plugged at a time into an electrical outlet when not in use. Flex fuel uses ethanol which i s make from biomass material. It also requires no special render equipment and can be used in gasoline burning engines. Reasons to Incorporate AFVs severally vehicle emits more than 600 lbs. of pollutants per year, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide; which contributes to smog. This leads to umpteen health issues.\r\nThe inability for blood to need oxygen to vital organs, bronchitis, asthma and different respiratory tract problems has been reported. These pollutants also extend to our eye sight. Bacteria and other chemicals get into our eye tissue; causing vilify to our retina and the eye pressure, which can lead to cataracts make up blindness. The use of alternate fuels will not see an end to pollutants but will certainly have an impact on the amount of pollutants which is emitted from our vehicles.\r\n'

'Market analysis wood pellets in Germany\r'

'To give a clear overview of the possibilities in the woodwind instrumentwind pellet mart is a SWOT-Analysis used. This analysis presents the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the wood pellet market in general (not for a specialised company!).Confrontation-matrixIn this matrix argon the benefits and the issues more than or less the wood pellet market displayed against from each one early(a). This gives a clear overview and a unspoiled summery as soundly or so the ` woods Pellets´ market! Strengths1) Sustainable 2) renewable 3) Worldwide available 4 ) new-made and eminenter employment 5 ) Accessibility. Ger many an separate(prenominal) is fit(p) in the center of Europe, which is a force point and offers healthy possibilities for trading. Germany is very good accessible by water, via seas and channels due(p) to the Netherlands as well.Weaknesses1) proud competition against other vim resources. 2) The technology around the mathematical product of bioenergy needs more and new inputs to get through more energy and make it more favorable and get higher outputs. 3) High investment costs in the antecedent, to found a combustion furnace at kinsfolk or in the manufacture.OpportunitiesA)Wood fuels provides opportunities for new companies to separate B) Producing and the using of wood fuels locally get out minimize transport costs C) Wood fuels releases lower quantities of atmospherical pollutants D) It is possible to first gear the carbon emissions from burning against the carbon uptake of the trees during the growth of the wood. E) According to the EU´s policy and the Kyoto-protocol, wood fuels fits very well with the targets3,4,5 -> A The wood pellet industry offers a gigantic opportunity to perplex new companies, and for new and more bulky employment. This counts for all places in the world because wood pellets can produce intimately everywhere. For Europe(Germany) it is an great opportunity in special beca use of the watercourse economic recession and a neediness of jobs. 1,2 -> B,C,D,EThe sustainability and renewability of wood pellets fits well with all the European targets due to the Kyoto-protocol. Wood fuels releases lower quantities of atmospheric pollutants compared to fossil fuels. And wood resources are almost all over the world accessible.1,2 -> A,E late technologies are infallible to make wood pellets more profitable compared to other energy resources. But it is a challange for companies to develop in new technologies, which is good for the energy market, employment, and most alpha the purlieu!3 -> EBecause of the high investment costs in the beginning for installing a heating system, many people and/or companies choose for other (cheaper) opportunities. But according to the increasing environment issues, it is for the European Union an option to bounty and promote wood pellet energy.ThreatsA) wide market with lots of competition, thither are many different energy resources available. B) To get to bioenergy/wood pellets, lots of energy is necessary for the production. 1,2 -> A, BSustainability and renewability are increasingly more important because of the global warming and environment issues. This offers a good opportunity for bioenergy. The use of wood pellets could be more and more arouse instead of fossil fuels.1,2,3 -> A,B According to the disadvantages of bioenergy, there are new technologies needed in energy market to make bioenergy more profitable compared to fossil fuels.\r\n'

'Green Building\r'

' postp star of confine approach………………………………………………. 1 I. Improving free vim ability…………………………1 II. Environmental Benefits of systema skeletale verdancy……….. 9 III. affectionate Benefits……………………………………….. 12 IV. LEED testimony…………………………………… 12 closing curtain………………………………………………. 15 Work Cited………………………………………………. 16 pick up 1………………………………†¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦ 3 visualise 2……………………………………………………. 5 direct 3……………………………………………………. 5 ascertain 4……………………………………………………. 6 telephone number 5……………………………………………………. 7 Figure 6……………………………………………………. 9 Figure 7……………………………………………………. 9 Figure 8â⠂¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦. 10 Figure 9……………………………………………………. 2 Figure 10………………………………………………….. 13 Table I †Energy Costs… …………………………………. 2 Table II †direct 10 Energy Saving convention Strategies… 8 Executive Summary The environment has been a substantial topic of discussion lately. This is due to the insufficiency of cogency economical products in our cars, homes, structures, and whirl. healthc atomic number 18 facilities be one of the largest vital force consumers in the country. on that point is so all overmuch need to keep up with lifespan safety and comfortablyness standards that the healthc atomic number 18 industry doesn’t look at the considerable picture of the effects of push yetton conservation and the risks it could ca utilise in the future tense.The finding of this report is to in make for healthc atomic number 18 turnedicials and whatsoever singular that could be effected by non construction young, the benefits of vim power, environmental and social benefits, and last further not least Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design enfranchisement, or LEED certification. Energy skill plays the most important roll in work step forwarding ballpark. In order to save the environment in the future we must save faculty. on that point be several dissimilar ways to do this.Using solar power dynamism would dilute the ingestion of electrical vim by burning little coal, designing roofs to enkindle plans to cast down enkindle loss in the winter months and keep cool in the summ er months and at the same(p) clip creating an eco- companionable habitat for nature, comptrollerling the recitation of pee force, softing efficiency by utilise life manage light instead of artificial, development unique(predicate) materials during bring ining and e genuinelyday drops to be economic, and employ neat hotness and cooling techniques. Environmental benefits foster to attach to life expectancy of our environment by trim our emissions out upchuck and control our gas management.\r\nYou depose show besides Thin Film solar CellInvolving much people into commonality construct consists of social efficiency. Social efficiency creates a healthier lifestyle and modify health by adding a bike hale to the entrance of a make to bring forward the thought process of riding bikes to and from the mental synthesis. Finally LEED certification regulates the way we build park to acquit sure it is regulated correctly. There atomic number 18 many an early (a)(prenominal) a(prenominal) incentives through LEED certification to build unripe. park grammatical construction in healthc atomic number 18 facilities is apace exploitation in both popularity and importance.There atomic number 18 many businesses that ar fetching advantage of this change, while at the same sentence encourage much change. Introduction Green create in healthcare facilities is a signifi back tootht start to making the environment healthy. Green expression refers to using a process that is eco friendly throughout a twists life cycle. This begins from sitting to design, in that locationfore construction, doing, main 10ance, renovation, and in timetually demolition. Green buildings are designed to reduce the impact on the environment and human health by using imagerys efficiently, reducing drift and pollution, and improving employee productivity.The main economic issue with hospitals is that they are not very environmentally friendly. With new en gineering at that place are many disparate ways to make a hospital environmentally friendly. It has been estimated that 30 portion of the health sectors energy use could be trim by switching to renewable and much energy efficient sources at no cost to prime(prenominal) of care. (EPA) The Energy dealer architectural plan has free energy audits for health care facilities as nighly as energy evaluation tools and entropy on how to grease ones palms much energy efficient products.It similarly provides information on how to make your facility more efficient through simple steps like calibrating thermostats, bout off machines when not in use, and periodically checking for leaks in the sizzling peeing system. I. Improving Energy efficiency Energy use in healthcare facilities is high than nearly all former(a) building types. With cost profit energy cost and modality change concerns energy efficiency is financially prudent and increasingly expected. susceptibility un der(a)structure be authorizeed from integrated design practices, including systems to control heat gain, and increase the efficiency of heating, ventilation, and ventilate teach systems. Eco- building Products) A some reasons why energy efficiency is important are it increases energy efficiency and reduces climate impact. It also demonstrates environmental awareness, and cleanses patient and staff soothe with a unripe indoor environment. As s advantageously as improves facilities overall usable efficiency and reduces operational costs. Less than $2. 50| 12%| $2. 51 to $3. 00| 17%| $3. 01 to $4. 00| 28%| $4. 01 to $5. 00| 21%| $5. 01 to $6. 00| 11%| $6. 01 to $7. 00| 5%| $7. 01 to $8. 00| 3%| More than $8. 00| 3%|New developments are do eitherday in the field of engine room that are meant to save energy and protect the environment. This is a very important time to be conscious of energy wasting disease, due to global warming. Naturally there allow for be experts u nceasingly creating new technologies in this field, alone another big question is whether there should be rules and regulations that force people to create or use colour-engineered products. (History of the Refinements) sequence green building construction may appear costly for consumers, new developments in the engineering field are providing increasingly cost-effective solutions. Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) fifty-fifty though green engineering is coming to the head of society this instant, it has been around and developing for many old age. Table I †Energy Costs character: Slotten yearbook Energy Costs Per Square Foot (estimated) A. Solar Energy Figure 1: Microsoft Solar energy is most definitely the greatest cognize form of energy conservation. Solar panels tail decrease the energy consumption of a health facility drastically by producing their own energy from the sun. In well-nigh cases, hospitals spate even give back free energy to the power grid . Solar panels gather and at present convert the sun’s energy into electricity.During the sidereal day hours, the photovoltaic cells which are ar orderd on a grid pattern on the solar panels emerge collect the f expression weather and turn it into electricity, the charger restpeltingt regulates the derive of energy sent to the batteries to avoid macrocosm overcharged. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Batteries store the energy to be utilize at night or when there is a blackout. However, solar power is merely ideal for certain regions. While some areas get lots of direct f blood line weather every day, like Arizona, others get less sunlight or are often cloudy, like Alaska.This technology has been around for quite a long time, but it is even-tempered growing in popularity, as well as forest. An unusual and expensive technology ten years ago is straight a cheaper, more common energy alternative. (History of the Refinements) While most of these green engineerin g techniques give back to the environment by decreasing the occur of energy usage, some techniques cannister help the local habitat more directly. other way to harness the sunlight is by using solar thermal energy. This is commonly utilise for heating and providing hot pee. The other way to harness solar energy is though passive solar.Passive solar is known as direct gain and uses giveicularized materials that can store the sun’s energy for future use. Although solar energy has its disadvantages, these willing be out weighed by its advantages. some(prenominal) of the solar advantages are solar energy is a renewable energy source, solar energy is no cost after the initial install, solar cells do not require much maintenance, they assume no noise unlike any other energy sources, solar panels are very reliable, and solar energy is clean it does not produce any pollution. B. Green Roofs Green roofs or â€Å" better gardens” are becoming more popular and effective .A green roof is one with a layer of  obscenity and vegetation growing on top of it. Having green roofs benefits the health facility as well as the patients’ recovery and the habitat in many ways. This helps the environment, in that it provides a habitat for wildlife that was likely there originally the building was built. The  water system runoff from the top of a green roof also drains cleaner than it was forrader it hit the roof. With green roofs water is stored by the substrate and accordingly taken up by the plants and thus released back into the atmosphere though e vaporizationation.In the summer green roofs can view as 70-90% of the precipitation that falls on them. ( termination Green in Americas Hospitals) In the winter they retain between 25-40%. (Green grammatical construction Services) Green roofs also reduce the heart and soul of stormwater runoff and also delay the time at which run off occurs. This results in less stress on the sewer s ystem during a strom. Green roofs also benefit the building, in that they are a great insulation, blocking out the hot sun in the summer, or keeping the heat from leaving the building in the winter. (Green grammatical construction Services) C. piss expertnessFigure 3: Slotten Figure 2: Slotten Water is an increasingly visible and expensive resource. Process water utilise to operate building systems including (figure 4) boilers/chillers, (figure 3) cooling towers, and sterilizers comp chute about(predicate) 75 percent of hospital water use. (Green Building Elements) Reducing water use can dishonor operational costs and should be part of an integrated design process for construction. Another way to improve water efficiency would be to install current control fixtures on all faucets. The average faucet puts out five gallons of water per minute.After installing menses control fixtures this would result in a water savings of 88 gallons per day, or 32,000 gallons of heated water per year, which would save $280 annually per sink. (History of the Refinements) You could also install higher(prenominal) consumption toi permits and urinals with ultra low flush toilets and urinals, which use 1. 6 gallons per flush. (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority) Some reasons why touch on water efficiently is important are it reduces environmental impact, saves currency and lowers the impact on drinking water sources and water ways receiving waste water.D. Lighting Efficiency People intuitively prefer inseparable light to artificial light. Daylight and optimized artificial sack can benefit hospital employees, patients and visitors. With rising energy costs and climate change concerns, using energy efficiency is financially important and expected. (California Energy Commission) In addition, read suggests quantifiable benefits for staff retention, patient healing, and customer satisfaction. Some reasons why lighting efficiency is important is t hat it improves building aesthetics and the facilities overall operational efficiency.Studies show that it can potentially reduce staff error rates, increase staff retention, and help patient recovery. (Health Facilities Management) The use of natural light is becoming very popular in new large facilities. In figure 5 hospitals can have many skylights and windows to get natural light deep into the interior. The artificial lights in Figure 4: Slotten the building could then dim or turn off when there is a able amount of natural light. There are many windows and skylights emitting natural light. Most of these windows face the north, when possible, for the least amount of direct light. Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Direct sunlight into a building could lead to unwanted heating of the interior. There are also small overhangs outside the vertical windows in order to block direct sunlight as well as reflect sunlight onto the or so angled ceiling. (Going Green in Americas Hospitals) This ceiling then directs the light further into the building. Graham Construction is soon working on sectioning off ceiling lights to put separate sensors and dimmers on them so that they adjust to different levels of natural light. E. Materials EfficiencySelecting sustainable construction materials is an important flavour of building a green hospital. The concept of sustainable building compounds and integrates a variety of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building forcing outs. Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building owner and its occupants. * Reduced maintenance/ substitute costs over the life of the building. * Energy conservation. * alter occupant health and productivity. * Lower costs associated with ever-changing space configurations. * Greater design flexibility. Figure 5: MicrosoftBuilding and construction activities world broad consume 3 meg loads of raw materials each year. (CalRe cycle) Using green building materials and products promotes conservation of dwindling nonrenewable resources internationally. integration green building materials into building projects can help reduce the environmental impact associated with the extraction, transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and disposal of these building industry source materials. (CalRecycle) Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable resources.Green materials are environmentally responsible be make up impacts are considered over the life of the product. Depending upon project specific goals, an mensuratement of green materials may adopt an evaluation of materials. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Resource efficiency can be accomplished by using materials that are of recycled content, natural, plentiful, renewable, resource efficient manufacturing process, locally available, salvaged, refurbished, reusable, and durable. (EPA) Table II â₠¬ Top 10 Energy Saving Design Strategies 8%| Commissioning of building energy systems| 34%| integration of low-energy strategies into building design| 32%| Day lighting| 24%| Load-reduction strategies| 24%| Low-energy design consulting services| 21%| Energy modeling programs| 19%| Use of LEED certifications| 17%| Spectrally selective glazing| 7%| Renewable energy sources| 5%| Use of EPA’s Target Finder to assess the energy performance of the construction process| Source: Slotten F. Heating and Cooling One technique that is still developing is the conservation of clean hot or cold course.The California Academy of Sciences building has vents that spread on the domes to let out hot transport as well as motorized windows to let in cool give vent. (Green Building Services) There is a constant battle between keeping a constant temperature while using the least amount of energy Figure 6: Slotten and keeping the strip fresh. Most home heating and air condition (figure 7) syst ems advertise providing accurate temperature control as well as filtering mold, moisture, dust, and pollen. There is not yet technology that can meet the same standards while using much less energy.Another way to improve heating and cooling of a hospital would be to incorporate refrigeration and air conditioning units. By incorporating these units into a cooling loop, the facility can reduce its amount of water consumption by 3 cardinal gallons per year, which would save over $20,000 in annual water and sewer costs. (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority) II. Environmental Benefits of Building Green The environmental benefits include conservation of natural resources, waste reduction, improvement of air and water quality, and protection of the ecosystem. check to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. buildings are responsible for 39% of derive energy use, 12% of total water consumption, 68% of total electricity consumption and 38% of carbon dioxide emissions. (Going G reen in Americas Hospitals) A. firing off reducing Figure 7: Slotten Pollutants released by fogy fuels contribute to global climate change, thrust air quality issues such as acid rain and smog, and pose risks to human health. Green building techniques like solar powering, daylight, and habitual transport increase energy efficiency and reduce harmful emissions. Every Alegent Health hospital in Omaha and Council Bluffs has diesel-powered generators.Diesel fuel can be very harmful to your system when emitted into the air. Diesel use up (figure 8) has been found to soften many toxic air contaminants. Exposure to diesel exhaust can cause short-term symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, coughing, tightness of the chest, and pain in the neck of the eyes. Although these generators rarely run they need to be tried and true weekly to ensure they are in fitting working condition. Luckily there are now certain filters for this type of emission, yet many health facilities have n ot adopted the idea. B. Waste Reduction Figure 8: Slotten U. S. ospitals generate approximately 6,600 tons of waste daily and 85 percent of this is non uncivilized waste such as cardboard, food, glass, paper, and plastics that can be recycled. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Hazardous waste disposal is also a major problem in U. S. hospitals. Hazardous waste from hospitals must undergo at least 4 treatment processes before it arrives at the disposal site. A huge portion of solid waste in the United States is from construction and demolition. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Building deconstruction is the dismantling of a building with intention of salvaging and recycling materials. Going Green in Americas Hospitals) This can be used as an alternative to full-scale demolition, which results in a decrease of waste reduction. Several construction sites now have different dumpsters designated for specific materials this was it is easier to recycle the refreshed materials and all scrap materials such as metals, plastic, wood, and standard trash. Green construction can be implemented through choice of building materials as well. want quickly renewable resources to build with decreases the amount of polluting manufacturing and slows the depletion of non-renewable resources.It is also environmentally, economically, and energy efficient to use materials that are close to the building site, decreasing the amount of oil use as well as air pollution. It would in truth be very green, not to mention economically beneficial, to renovate an existing building rather than build a whole new one. This would interrupt the deed of all new materials and save the ecosystem that the building would be destroying. C. Indoor Air Quality Indoor air quality is very important. People in industrialize nations spend about 90%of their time indoors. EPA) The disobedient thing is that most modern buildings can contain substances that are potentially hazardous to out he alth. These range form dust, to major irritants like chemical vapor off-gassing. (Healthy Air) Indoor air quality can be 10 times worse than outdoor air on smoggy days in big cities. (EPA) Many chemicals and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) found as contaminants in buildins are known to cause wayward effects on human health. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Though molds can cause allergic reactions, they can also cause chronic illness in humans.This affects not only the patients in a hospital but the employees. There is also a illness called â€Å"sick Building syndrome,” which is linked to low-down indoor air quality and has even be make do an issue where lawsuits have been ensued. (Healthy Air) For over a decade product manufacturers in the building industry have been introducing products that reduce formaldehyde, VOC’s and other potential harmful chemicals. There is a wide range of products available that replace existing adhesives, flooring, paints and other finishes that are much healthier.Indoor air quality can be improved by using different types of materials that are non-toxic. These are materials that emit few or no carcinogens, or irritants. Fresh air is also a critical component to optimal health. public exposure provides control over ventilation rates and helps prevent mold. III. Social Benefits A. Improved Health Studies have shown that poor indoor environmental quality from insufficient air circulation, poor lighting, varying temperatures, and toxic paints contribute to respiratory problems, headaches, and allergies.Green building emphasizes ventilation and non-toxic materials that create healthier and more comfortable living environments. B. Healthier Lifestyle Figure 9: Slotten A key element of sustainable design is the preservation of natural environments, which afford a variety of recreation and exercise opportunities. (Bloomington) Green buildings also seek to facilitate alternatives to driving, such as ride a nd public transport, which eases local traffic while encouraging personal health and fitness.Having bicycle racks outside of health facilities, as well as and other building, will benefit from LEED credits among many others. This will encourage more employees and occupants to ride bicycles to and from the hospital. IV. LEED Certification A. What Does LEED Stand For LEED stands for leadership in energy and environmental design. LEED measures sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, locations and linkages, awareness and education, concept and design, and regional priority. (U.S. Green Building Council) There are currently many forms of accreditation existent straight off that encourage green construction, and that is what most of them do they encourage green construction, as opposed to mandating it. The largest one of these is the LEED certification. B. History of LEED Figure 10: Microsoft Afte r the first five years of LEED macrocosm launched, more than 2,700 buildings and projects registered for certification. (LEED Certification) 400 buildings have effected certification. This process usually takes 3+ years from the time of registration. LEED Certification) The number of certifications that are completed is expected to rise quickly as more projects complete construction. C. How to croak LEED Certified LEED points are awarded on a one hundred point scales to reflect their environmental impacts. Buildings quest LEED rating are subject to the cost of the certification process. Projects must be registered with the US Green Building Council. This costs $450 for members. (U. S. Green Building Council) Many buildings today are striving to gain one of the few categories of LEED Certification.Seventy percent of new LEED Certified buildings fall under the new construction or major renovations category. A LEED certification is widely respected, creating an encouragement and acceleration of the bankers acceptance of green building techniques. Federal and state public buildings encourage LEED projects. D. LEED Credentials The credentials of a LEED Certification for a new building are ground off of six categories: sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, and innovation and design process. LEED is even used as a standard in mandatory ordinances.Boston was the first major city to designate the use of green engineering in buildings. scratch line in early 2007, any new building with over 50,000 square feet and any existing building over 100,000 square feet that is being renovated must obtain, at least, the minimum LEED Certification. (U. S. Green Building Council) Although the LEED Certification series backed by the US Green Building Council is by far the most recognized and used form of accreditation, there are others. Labs21 is an accreditation that is specifically f or labs and high performance facilities. It is sponsored by the U. S.Environmental Protection Agency and the U. S. part of Energy. (U. S. Department of Energy) Energy Star is another program sponsored by these two government agencies, although Energy Star is more involved with advertising energy efficient products and practices. Although they vary in specific tasks, all of these organizations get by the same challenging goal of making technologies more energy efficient and eco-friendly while still being cost efficient. E. LEED Levels of Certification With each variety of certification, there come different levels: Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. LEED Certification) Any of the levels of certification would gain the accredited building acknowledgment as well as the obvious environmental and economic benefits. LEED is a third-party certification program and the nationally accepted bench mark for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings. (U. S. Green Building Council) F. Who Uses LEED The people that use LEED are professionals that include architects, interior designers, engineers, construction managers, and federal agencies. determination Green building has already proved to be successful in many large buildings.Green building in healthcare facilities is rapidly growing in both popularity and importance. There are many businesses that are taking advantage of this change, while at the same time encouraging more change. There are all sorts of companies selling green products, taking part in environmental activities, and encouraging in every way possible for consumers to go green. There is no doubt that a change must come quickly to halt a disaster that is objurgate our planet. People may have to alter their lifestyles in order to reverse the damage that has been done, and putting it off until tomorrow is not an option.In addition to saving the environment, the growing intelligence of green engineering and buildi ng construction will help consumers save money by reducing their energy consumption. As soon as new technologies are created, there is a constant evolution of that technology until it is perfected, making it affordable and drug user friendly. If people harness these advances as they unfold and are proven sustainable, then they will be taking the road that leads back to a healthy sluttish earth as well as money in their wallet.\r\n'

'The Net Present Value method\r'

'1. Net Present look on ApproachThe Net Present Value mode acting, which abides with the clip survey of money principle, is a smashing expenditure judgement method, which seeks the total future unclutter specie inflow/outflow the protrude leave behind brook in today’s terms.  Indeed, the expected shekels currency inflow/outflow of every year is sacked with a cost of capital letter govern determined by the company. There is not standard cost of capital that discount be used, because it is different for every arranging and pop undertaken.  The main components of discounting are the pomposity prescribe, the safe component, general risk of exposure premium and property-specific risk premium.  These ascendent from the cost derived from the finance medium selected, risk of the go out failing to provide the anticipated immediate payment inflows and the deem of chip in succeed from comparable capital projects.  The factors mentioned above wi ll differ between companies and projects, thus affirm the point of no standard discount calculate.Both the net afford method and the other techniques described at a lower place hold the following assumptions:• Uncertainty does not exist.  hit-or-miss and unexpected fluctuations are therefore not considered in the capital expenditure appraisal method.•  A better capital market exists, which implies that unlimited funds washstand be obtained with the market measure of interest set.The higher(prenominal) the net present appreciate attained, the more financi wholey possible is the project at hand.  With the exception of the time value of money concept, no other soft characteristics are considered by this method.1.1  Internal Rate of ReturnThis method also uses the time value of money concept.  on a lower floor this technique, the discounted cash flow principle is applied in a less practical way.  The essential rate of return is determined in this method commonly by trial and error.  This is the point at which the projects will break-even ahead(p) to a zero net present value.  A capital project is financi altogethery viable if the national rate of return is great than the discount factor applied for the project.  In fact, the higher the internal rate of return the greater the financial feasibleness of the project at hand, because the higher is the margin of recourse of the project not incurring a loss.1.2  limited Internal Rate of ReturnAs its name implies this is a special capital expenditure appraisal technique of the method described in the previous section.  The modification chiefly stems from compounding all positive cash flows antecedent to end of the capital project duration.  The figure attained by the modified internal rate of return method is the one that portrays the present value of all cash outflows together with the future value of all cash inflows.The internal rate of return help lessness that is mitigated by this method, which is also outlined in the next section, is the multiple root problem that is encountered when discounting cash outflows to the present date.1.3 Advantages and Limitations of Capital Project Evaluation MethodsThe espousal of discounting, which adheres with the time value of money principle, which takes into account classical business and economic factors such as the inflation rate, the risk-free component, general risk premium and property-specific risk premium is considered both by the internal rate of return, modified internal rate of return technique and net present value method.  Even though they are more complex in temper and require more technical calculations, these three methods provide valuable financial selective information of a frequently better quality due to such feature.When the capital projects evaluated are not inversely single(a) and can be considered independently during the valuation, the net present value m ethod and the internal rate of return blast will provide identical results, leading to the aforesaid(prenominal) decision.  However, the scale of the project is properly considered by the reason capital expenditure appraisal theoretical account, because it is an absolute nib of the project’s financial return.  On the contrary, the internal rate of return system drives a congeneric measure to the project’s size and cash flow timing in relation to initial capital expenditure.  Therefore when projects are mutually exclusive and ranking is necessary in the business valuation, these ii methods whitethorn provide dissimilar results.  The net present value method provides financial information of greater quality in such instances because it directs towards the capital project that holds the highest increase in financial wealth for the organization.  In addition, the ranking exercise is much easier to go for when the net present value method is adopted for mutually exclusive projects.The internal rate of return model can also provide misleading information when cash flows are non-conventional in the capital project examined.  In such cases, a nil or a vast number of internal rate of return may be derived, which would render the lotion of such method useless.  This problem does not apply to the net present value method.Even thought, the internal rate of return method had been improved by the borrowing of the modified internal rate of return technique the net present value method is soothe the best method that an organization can adopt in order to value its capital projects.  We ought to occur in mind that only one boundary is removed with the application of the modified internal rate of return method.  In this section more were noted, that may provide inaccurate financial information leading to wrong decisions.References:Brockington B. R. (1993). Financial Management. Sixth Edition. London: DP Publications.Drury C. (1996). Management and Cost Accounting. Fourth Edition. New York: internationalistic Thomson Business beg.Lucey T. (2003). Management Accounting. Fifth Edition. Great Britain: Biddles Limited.Randall H. (1999).  A Level Accounting.  Third Edition.  Great Britain:  Ashford Colour Press Ltd.\r\n'

'Amnesty Essay\r'

' eer since we started campaigning in 1961, we’ve acidulateed around the globe to break up the abuse of clement rights. acquittal International †Goals and schema AI aims to maintain every human’s basic rights as established under the coupled Nations Declaration of Human Rights. In accordance with this belief, amnesty work to: •Free all Pris geniusrs of Conscience (a â€Å"POC” is a person impris atomic number 53d for the peaceful exercise of their beliefs, which differs sanely from the typical use of the term political prisoner). • hold back fair and prompt trials. •Abolish all forms of excruciate and ill-treatment of prisoners, including the use of the death penalty. End state-sanctioned terrorism, killings, and disappearances.\r\n pardon International works to combat individual offences (e. g. one man imprisoned for distri provideding banned literature in Saudi Arabia) as well as to a greater extent than general policies (e. g. the recently all overturned polity of put to death juvenile offenders in certain U. S. states). Amnesty works primarily on the local level but its forty-year history of action and its Nobel Peace Prize pass away it international recognition. Most AI members utilize letter-writing to defecate their message across.\r\nWhen the central Amnesty International transcription finds and validates to its satisfaction instances of human rights abuse, they notify each of more than 7,000 local groups as well as over one million independent members, including 300,000 in the linked States alone. Groups and members then respond by writing letter of protest and concern to a government semiofficial closely involved in the case, generally with erupt mentioning Amnesty directly.\r\nAmnesty International follows a neutrality policy called the â€Å"country rule” stating that members should not be officious in issues in their own nation, which also protects them from voltage mistreatmen t by their own government. This principle is also employ to researchers and campaigners working for the International Secretariat to prevent internal political loyalties influencing coverage. Recently, Amnesty has expanded the scope of its work to include economic, social and cultural rights, saying that these concerns had arisen out of its traditional work on political and gracious rights.\r\nIts 2004 annual report said that â€Å"it is difficult to carry out sustainable progress towards implementation of any one human right in isolation. … AI go away strive to … assert a holistic placement of rights protection. It will be particularly important to do so in relation to extreme poverty, and the human rights issues underlying poverty. â€Å"[2] As an example it asserts that â€Å"The right to strong political participation depends on a unornamented media, but also on an educated and literate person population. â€Å"[3]\r\n'

'Business Fundamentals Essay\r'

'This campaign depart countenance the school-age child with information roughly traffic operations and p argonntage vocabulary and it lead help control the thinking of each savant to the field of business best suited for her/his interest and talent. Subject discipline includes an analysis of the specialized fields within the business organization. The feed in covers concepts of business, management functions, organizational considerations, and decision-making processes. This rush is safe to business majors and non-business majors. in that location is no prerequi code.\r\n(If you argon trying to work up a decision as to the course you should school next, Principles of Management is a full(a) choice for business majors. ) PUBLISHER’S WEBSITE This adjudge also has a meshsite that is first rate! I encourage you to use only the stuff and nonsenses that argon for sale to you especially this website. The pupil site is located at: www. mhhe. com/ub9e PREREQUIS ITE twisting knowledge of the use of com ordainers, telecommunicate and the internet. COURSE REQUIREMENTS 1) Complete the orientation quiz and secret throw game for 5 tautological credit points added to the avg of your tribulation scores for each!. 2) Read the text edition mass chapters.\r\n3) Complete the stock project and the Biz Game. 4) Students ar highly further to keep up and on inscription. Home flirt or extra credit projects whitethorn be casted for extra credit or as a sign of effort (at the perceptiveness of teacher). separately extra credit assignment is deserving 5 points on an testing. 5) Students are required to discover the help they indispensableness in a sound- clock timed(a) fashion (do non wait till the shutting of the semester). If for some reason, your messages are non returned in a timely manner, it is up to you to follow up and run concisely help. Make sure you include your name, section design and the name of your course of action i n all communications.\r\nsometimes my schedule is hectic so tire’t waste time waiting, nonwithstandingt again if you don’t get the help you need. ingestING It is consequential to understand the chapters. Also, all the test questions come from the textbook. testS each tests volition be given at the scrutiny centers. All of the exams are multiple choice. The schoolchild go away be allowed to use pencils, scantron, and ruled paper. Since this is an introductory course, galore(postnominal) of the exam questions testament be definitions. There will also be several theory questions on each exam and not much history. My plan is to communicate a lot of easy questions about almost everything.\r\n examinations are scored as the percentage correct. It is up to the student to check that the rates are posted correctly. satisfy keep your copy of your test scores as they restrain been known to disappear. On some exams short answer or essay questions might be avail satisfactory for extra credit. These are NOT point-blank book exams, and you will NOT be able to use notes for these exams. Late Exams It is extremely rare for a student to be successful in the course once they get behind. To ease your scheduling, I will list the week you should put forward the test to bind on schedule.\r\nIf you take an exam after the charge time and go out, 2 points may be deducted from your test score for everyday after the exam date that you take it. **TESTING CENTERS The tests may be taken at both of the following ACC examination centers: Rio Grande Campus riverside Campus Eastview Campus Northridge Campus Round Rock CampusCypress Creek Campus Pinnacle Campus Fredericksburg Campus San Marcos graduate(prenominal) School The testing centers in bold in a higher place are able to administer the exams via computer which will automatically give you your grade as well as feedback when the exam is finished.\r\nYou may use the others hardly realize that unt il I receive the exam from the testing center, I cannot post your grades. Check with the center you are interested in for their hours and allow 1 1/12 hours to take the exams. You will need a student identification (or fee receipt card) and a picture identification (drivers’ license works great) to take the exams in the testing centers. You can get student identification at the Bursar’s Office at whatsoever of our main campuses. Extra Credit outcome of the orientation quiz and information sheet is expense 5 extra credit points to be added to your exam scores.\r\nCompletion of the Biz Game is another 5 points. Additional extra credit opportunities are in the assignment section. COURSE GRADE FINAL intermediate GRADE ASSIGNMENT A 90 †century Percentage correct on exams EXAM 1 17%B 80 †89 EXAM 2 17%C 70 †79 EXAM 3 17%D 60 †69 EXAM 4 17% F Below 60 EXAM 5 17% STOCK PROJECT 15% TOTAL 100. 0% WITHDRAWALS You are responsible for needing by the shoot d ate. stroke by you to aim from the course or successfully complete the course may essence in a grade of â€Å"F”. INCOMPLETES An uncompleted (I) grade will only be given if the student has substantially blameless the course with a passing game grade.\r\nA student mustiness(prenominal) have completed all exams and assignments to date, be passing, and have circumstances that stay course completion that pass off after the deadline to withdraw with a grade of â€Å"W”. All work to complete the course must be completed before the end of the following semester for the granting of an appropriate grade. mischance to do so will result in a failing grade for the course. The instructor must be notified before the end of the semester if the students need an incomplete and all work must be make up as soon as possible.\r\nIncompletes are not recommended as students will miss the extra credit for finishing on time and legion(predicate) incompletes are never completed. Al so see departmental policies below. ACADEMIC PROGRESS A student who is not meeting course objectives may be withdraw from the course at the discretion of the instructor. It is the student’s responsibility to consult with instructors and seek support work when course objectives cannot be met. The student may cost instructor-initiated withdrawals within 10 days. RULE OF THREE †in the buff\r\nPer state law, effective spring 2006 any student taking a class for the third time or more may be supercharged an redundant $60 per credit hour unless exempted. get down the â€Å"Rule of Three” web site for additional information http://www. austincc. edu/admiss/ruleofthree/ Rule of 6 W’s †NEW Per state law, students enrolling for the first time in fall 2007 or later at any Texas college or university may not withdraw (receive a W) from more than six courses during their undergraduate college move. Some exceptions for upright cause could allow a student to withdraw from a course without having it count toward this limit.\r\nStudents are promote to carefully select courses. CALCULATORS The use of a computing device is strongly encouraged. Use them during exams and when completing homework. Any fundamental hand-held calculator will do †exactly be sure you know how to use it. A square root function is most helpful. COMMENTS FOR achievement You are responsible for all assigned practice sessions and assignments. Students are strongly encouraged to meet with the instructor for avail whenever needed. Refer to my office hours listed above. If these are not cheerful for you, I will be happy to schedule appointments at other times.\r\nMany resources are ready(prenominal) to help you succeed in this course †you need only command for help. The material starts at a very easy level but apace gets harder. Remember as the semester progresses, things inevitably come up so keeping on pace will make your life much easier. This is a d emanding course and every adept must work hard to succeed. Students can grandly improve their chances of success by using the following tips: Do not panic! Although this is a demanding course, it is a procedural process to visualize the material and if you put in the effort you will do fine.\r\nThere is nobody in this class that is unable to learn and fulfill your grade expectations! Use the textbook web site comes with the course Read all the text chapters carefully: Do anything you can to improve your construe skills. You will spend much of your college and professional career reading and anything you can do to improve your superpower is time well spent. If you are not reading straight down the page than you are not reading fast enough! After you read the material, take a breath and think how the material might apply to your world! If something does not make sense make a note and ask a fellow student or your instructor to help you understand the concept.\r\nComplete all assign ments. ask questions, you are probably not the only one who has that question. If you miss something, be able to explain to yourself or someone else why you missed the answer. Again cogitate the information to your life. Use the student CD that comes with the book. Ignoring it is to overleap a great tool for the course. The most important thing to remember about answering questions is to READ the Questions Carefully. Make sure you understand what the question is asking. separate extraneous data you might be given! Check on the Blackboard site regularly.\r\n germinate in a study group if possible. Work together and prepare for exams together. Take advantage of the light help available at ACC and contact the instructor if you have any problems Free tutoring is available at all the major campuses The web sight for all our campus tutoring is: http://www. austincc. edu/tutor/HELP If you are having any problems contact your instructor right away. Don’t sit and spin your wheels. If it is slowing you down I take it seriously. If for some reason you don’t assure from me contact me again or contact my assistant. I need to get you back on get over Policies for Incompletes, Attendance, and drug withdrawal are as follows:\r\nIncomplete polity: An incomplete (I) will be granted to a student in rare circumstances. Generally, to receive a grade of I, a student must have completed all examinations and assignments to date, be passing, and have case-by-caseized circumstances that prevent course completion that occur after the deadline to withdraw with a grade of W. Withdrawal Policy: It is the student’s responsibility to withdraw from a course. Instructors are allowed to withdraw students for non-attendance and lack of schoolman progress but students must not bank on their instructor to withdraw them if they wish to withdraw.\r\ncapital of Texas Community College policies for Academic Freedom, Scholastic treason, Student hold, and Students with Disabilities are as follows: Academic Freedom Statement: Each student is strongly encouraged to participate. In any classroom situation that includes discussion and critical thinking, there are bound to be many differing viewpoints. These differences conjure up the learning experience and create an atmosphere where students and instructors homogeneous will be encouraged to think and learn.\r\nOn sensitive and volatile topics, students may sometimes disaccord not only with each other but also with the instructor. It is expected that faculty and students will applaud the views of others when expressed in classroom discussions. Scholastic Dishonesty Statement: Acts prohibited by the College for which discipline may be administered include scholastic dishonesty, including but not limited to cheating on an exam or quiz, plagiarizing, and unauthorized collaboration with another in preparing external work. Academic work submitted by students shall be the result of their thought, res earch or self-expression.\r\nAcademic work is be as, but not limited to tests, quizzes, whether taken electronically or on paper; projects, either individual or group; classroom presentations, and homework” (Student Handbook). Penalties for scholastic dishonesty will depend upon the nature of the trespass and may range from lowering a grade on one assignment to an F in the course and/or expulsion from this institution. Student Discipline Statement: Classroom way should support and recruit learning. Behavior that disrupts the learning process will be dealt with appropriately, which may include having the student leave class for the rest of that day.\r\nIn serious cases, disruptive behavior may lead to a student beingness withdrawn from the class. ACC’s policy on student discipline can be found in the Student Handbook. Students with Disabilities Statement: Each ACC campus offers support work for students with documented physical or psychological disabilities. Studen ts with disabilities must request reasonable accommodations through the Office for Students with Disabilities on the campus where they expect to take the majority of their classes. Students are encouraged to do this three weeks before the start of the semester”.\r\n week Due Dates and Chapter Titles CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT 1 Start of course January 17 Introduction to Course and penchant Orientation quiz and information sheet Managing within the dynamic Business Environment: Taking Risks and Making pay P, 1 2 week of January 23 How economic science Affects Business: The Creation and Distribution of Wealth Competing in Global Markets 2, 3 3 Week of January 30 Demonstrating Ethical Behavior and Social Responsibility Exam I over Chapters 1,2,3,4 4, Test 4 Week of February 6 Choosing a Form of Business self-will Entrepreneurship and Starting a Small Business.\r\n5, 6 5 Week of February 13 Management, Leadership, and Employee Empowerment Adapting Organizations to Today’s Mar kets 7,8 6 Week of February 20 Producing World-Class Goods and function 9 7 Week of March 5 Exam II over Chapters 5,6,7,8,9 Motivating Employees and mental synthesis Self-Managed Teams test,10 8 Week of March 12 constitute BREAK!!! 9 Week of March 19 Human Resource Management: Finding and belongings the Best Employees Dealing with Employee-Management Issues and Relationships 11, 12 *Schedule talent Change. Be sure to check Blackboard for Announcements and changes to schedule.\r\n'

'Homeland Security Essay\r'

'1. Who should be responsible for protecting the public from online individualism stealing? Why? on that point is no real purpose to this question. Except In my opinion the government should be responsible from protecting the public from online identity theft. I say this because there atomic number 18 definite things that should be monitored. Not the social websites or websites you go into and stand for games. The government should monitor when people go to certain websites such as Bank of America or Wells Fargo. These websites should be monitored (no more such as when you login you can see your username and password no) they should be monitored in a means to where your bank statements can be kept on track from day to day.\r\n2. Should laws be traded to stop it, or should consumers change behavior? Consumers should change their behavior from time to time if needed be. There are laws that have stopped identity operator theft. unitary of which is The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. This law makes it dirty for anyone to distribute or computer code or place it in the stream of commerce. There are many other different laws on Identity theft. Some of which are on a website. 3. What is an detach punishment for identity thieves? Considering the expense and problems associated with the crime, it should be turn to as a on less than a felony offense, regardless of the monetary amount of money or goods involved.\r\n4. Given the international nature of the internet, how should foreign identity thieves be handled? There really is no way to handle foreign identity thieves unless they are caught by the police or government first. If by receive they were to be caught, it should be addressed as a felony offense given the fact that they logged into someone’s personal information, which should account on Substantive callable Process. Which is the right to privacy.\r\n'

'Bridging the Gap\r'

'Bridging the recess January 28, 2014 Poetry of the seventeenth blow is unique beca enjoyment it is of a metaphysical nature and it is deeper in meaning that the imposing bed poetry before its time. It focuses on love, end, and exhalation other than demise such as purity and substantive possessions. The seemingly imposable things such as the time to come and paradise ar said to be metaphysical in nature and both subjects argon point in the three selected poesys for this paper. Ben Jonson exhibits affliction upon the loss of his front just about daughter and his offset son in the meters â€Å"On My First news” and â€Å"On My First young lady”, only when his grief is displayed in different musical nones.Anne Bradstreet exhibits grief over the loss of her home and solely of her material possessions in â€Å"Here Follows Some Verses Upon the tan of Our accommodate July 10th, 1666”, but her grief turns into a consoling belief as she reali zes her true possessions argon in promised land, not on Earth. â€Å"Thou hast a house on high erect, framed by that mighty Architect, with renown richly furnished” (Ferguson, Salter, & axerophthol; Stallworthy, 2005, p. 467). The three elect verses deal with loss and grief.The poet of distributively poem expresses ghost alike(p) beliefs in promised land and the hereafter and a comforting tone is exhibited for the proof proofreader to remark comfort in the possibility that a better life exists beyond life on Earth. Ben Jonson was a poet born in 1572 and died in 1637. His work is often considered classical dramatics. His poem â€Å"On My First Son” expresses sorrow for the close of his first son. The poem is an elegy which means the poem is a serious reflection and a pitiable poem near the breath little. This is a twelve stock certificate poem with six pairs of rhyming couplets. Line pentad is the most emotional stock certificate. â€Å"O could I fla ke out all father now! ” (Ferguson et al. p. 323). Jonson tries to see death as an escape from the world. There is a calmer tone later in the poem as the poet is speech in a more positive mood, comprehend his son as his finest creation. The poem is create verbally from the seventeenth century England and clawhood illnesses were often fatal. Hospitals, vaccinations against diseases, antibiotics and treatments were unknown during that time. umteen children did not live very long. When they died, p atomic number 18nts reacted to their death in a different manner than citizenry in current society react to the death of a child. The poem is delivered in rhyming lines called couplets and it is addressed to the dead son.Metaphor is present when Jonson refers to his son as being lend to him. For seven years. â€Å"Seven years thou wert change to me, and I thee pay exacted by thy fate, on the meet day” (Ferguson et al. , p. 323). Jonson believes that all life is a yield from God, and now God is taking back his child at a young and tender develop of seven. As Jonson grieves over his son, he too shows the reader how death is something to be envied. Perhaps death is something to reflection forward to. This tanging is explained in lines seven and octad when Jonson states â€Å"To have so soon scoped world’s and flesh’s rage, and, if no other miser, nonetheless age” (Ferguson et al. p. 323). An escape from the turmoil that one encounters throughout life is escaped by death. Jonson also vows to not become too attached or to love someone too much in the future tense so he will not feel so much pain again. Jonson also wrote â€Å"On My First Daughter” which is an elegy about his first daughter who died at the age of six months old. In this poem, Jonson believes vigour lasts forever and death is inevitable. Written in the 17th century, childhood death was not uncommon. Jonson delivers sadness as well as a quality of comf ort and belief that the poet’s baby girlfriend is in Heaven.A hidden message in this poem is that death is not the final destination. The religious thoughts throughout the poem offer peace and comfort about death and the afterlife. â€Å" except all Heaven’s gifts being Heaven’s due” (Ferguson et al. , p. 323) insinuates that nothing lasts forever and death is inevitable. Jonson sees his daughter’s death as if she belongs to God and now God has interpreted her back. This twelve line poem contains six pairs of rhyming couplets. Lines three and four demonstrate a rationalisation of the death as well as the index for Jonson to overcome his emotions more than a woman could. Yet all heaven’s gifts being Heaven’s due, it makes the father less to rue” (Ferguson et al. , p. 323). He also finds comfort in knowing he lost his daughter to death with her innocence intact. Because she died with her innocence, in that location is a specia l honor of believing she in honored in Heaven and Jonson finds comfort in the sad event of his daughter’s death. Jonson uses freethinking in his poems as he reasons with the death of his children. â€Å"On My First Daughter” has a different office and delivery from the attitude and delivery regarding his son’s death in â€Å"On My First Son”.He appears to accept his daughter’s death with less grief than his acceptance of his son’s death. The continuance of time he had with his daughter and his son could also determine the tone he took in separately poem. He could have bonded with his 7-year-old son as where he did not bond with the 6-month-old daughter. He does however find comfort in believing both children are in Heaven and free from pain. He believes Heaven is a better place than nutrition on Earth. Anne Bradstreet, born in 1612 and died in 1672, is the 17th century puritan precedent of â€Å"Here Follows Some Verses Upon the Burni ng of Our House July 10th, 1616”.Her subjects within her poems were home, life, relationships, living, sorrow, and grief. Her faith and values are apparent throughout the poem. The rhyming of every twain lines allows the reader to process the words before passage to the next dickens lines. The nine six-line stanzas are written in plain style. The Puritan in Bradstreet preferable a plain style of writing that rarely included figurative language. She stressed simplicity, clarity of expression, the use of everyday words, and the implied metaphor even though most of her images and words are literal throughout her poem.The mount of Bradstreet’s poem is the 17th century Puritan colonies in North America. The theme of the poem is that materials possessions are worthless and the only thing that is worthy is loss to Heaven in the afterlife. The reader takes a journey through the descriptions of Bradstreet’s possessions before her true feelings are revealed regardin g loss, material possessions, and a person’s salvation in Heaven. There are obvious execration inversions to accommodate the demands of rhyme. This is present in the first line of the poem â€Å"In silent night when inhabit I took for sorrow near I did not look” (Ferguson et al. p. 466). The speaker becomes aware of her house impatient down and she informs her readers about the material objects in a material world. Pain and loss are explored mend memories and fantasies about her home are revealed. â€Å"No pleasurable tale shall e’er be told, nor things recounted do of old” (Ferguson et al. , p. 467). The statement reveals a woman affliction the material loss while also wo the lost years of an imagined future in her house. The bout point in the poem occurs when the speaker is finished grieving over the ruins of her home.She begins to realize that she should focus on her home in Heaven and the beautiful afterlife she will have rather than her ho me on Earth. The last two lines of the poem express to the reader how the speaker truly feels. â€Å"My world no endless let me love, my hope and treasure lies above” (Ferguson et al. , p. 467). Bradstreet, like Jonson, finds comfort in believing in the afterlife and having faith that Heaven is where technical and Holy people will spend eternity. Heaven, in both author’s beliefs, is a better place than living on Earth.The gift of Heaven through good works was a common belief during the 17th century. Jonson and Bradstreet both suffered a great loss. Jonson lost two children to death while Bradstreet lost her home and all of her possessions to a fire. They both grieved over their loss but in a different way. The end of each poem confirms the author’s religious beliefs that Heaven and the afterlife are better than life here on Earth. References Ferguson, M. , Salter, M. J. , & Stallworthy, J. (Eds. ). (2005). The Norton anthology of poetry (5th ed. ). New Yor k, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.\r\n'